Nerve fiber layer in glaucomatous hemifield loss: a case-control study with time- and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

Purpose: To evaluate the retinal nerve fiber layer measurements with time-domain (TD) and spectral-domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT), and to test the diagnostic ability of both technologies in glaucomatous patients with asymmetric visual hemifield loss. Methods: 36 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma with visual field loss in one hemifield (affected) and absent loss in the other (non-affected), and 36 age-matched healthy controls had the study eye imaged with Stratus-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, California, USA) and 3 D OCT-1000 (Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer measurements and normative classification were recorded. Total deviation values were averaged in each hemifield (hemifield mean deviation) for each subject. Visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer "asymmetry indexes" were calculated as the ratio between affected versus non-affected hemifields and corresponding hemiretinas. Results: Retinal nerve fiber layer measurements in non-affected hemifields (mean [SD] 87.0 [17.1] mu m and 84.3 [20.2] mu m, for TD and SD-OCT, respectively) were thinner than in controls (119.0 [12.2] mu m and 117.0 [17.7] mu m, P<0.001). The optical coherence tomography normative database classified 42% and 67% of hemiretinas corresponding to non-affected hemifields as abnormal in TD and SD-OCT, respectively (P=0.01). Retinal nerve fiber layer measurements were consistently thicker with TD compared to SD-OCT. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness asymmetry index was similar in TD (0.76 [0.17]) and SD-OCT (0.79 [0.12]) and significantly greater than the visual field asymmetry index (0.36 [0.20], P<0.001). Conclusions: Normal hemifields of glaucoma patients had thinner retinal nerve fiber layer than healthy eyes, as measured by TD and SD-OCT. Retinal nerve fiber layer measurements were thicker with TD than SD-OCT. SD-OCT detected abnormal retinal nerve fiber layer thickness more often than TD-OCT.

Desempenhos neuropsicológicos em um caso com sequência de Robin

Objetivo: Caracterizar os desempenhos neuropsicológicos de um caso com sequência de Robin. Método: Participou um sujeito com 11 anos e 11 meses, sexo masculino, com Sequência de Robin e fissura completa de palato e queixa de baixo aproveitamento acadêmico. Foram utilizados: Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas, Teste Gestaltico Bender, Escala de Inteligência para Crianças - WISC III; Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-WCST, Teste de Atenção Visual-Tavis-4. Resultados: O raciocínio espaço-temporal lógico apresentou-se na média para a idade. A análise das funções cognitivas para a aprendizagem revelou desempenhos com classificação na média em escalas verbal (QIV=112), execução (QIE=99) e global (QIT=106). No entanto, apresentou desempenhos inferiores em tarefas com sobrecarga, que exigiam atenção sustentada, agilidade e flexibilidade mental, memória de trabalho visual e gerenciamento de estratégias para resolução de problemas. O desempenho em provas perceptivas visiomotoras foi inferior ao esperado, compatível a oito anos de idade, com evidentes dificuldades na construção de ângulos, organização espacial e posição relativa. As habilidades de atenção mostraram-se preservadas em provas de sustentadas e alternadas; naquelas envolvendo a atenção seletiva, cujo estímulo exigiu capacidade de rastreamento e velocidade da resposta, o desempenho foi significativamente inferior ao esperado para a idade. Conclusão: Apesar do nível intelectual satisfatório, a avaliação evidenciou déficits neuropsicológicos importantes interferentes na aprendizagem, tais como, a atenção, memória de trabalho, percepção visomotora e gerenciamento executivo. Estes achados justificam os prejuízos do sujeito em atividades acadêmicas que envolvem as habilidades de leitura, escrita e aritmética.

Lipid and glucose profiles of dairy buffaloes during lactation and dry period

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of lactation and dry period in the constituents of lipid and glucose metabolism of buffaloes. One hundred forty-seven samples of serum and plasma were collected between November 2009 and July 2010, from properties raising Murrah, Mediterranean and crossbred buffaloes, located in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Biochemical analysis was obtained by determining the contents of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-HBO), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and plasma glucose. Values for arithmetic mean and standard error mean were calculated using the SAS procedure, version 9.2. Tests for normality of residuals and homogeneity of variances were performed using the SAS Guide Data Analysis. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the SAS procedure Glimmix. The group information (Lactation), Farm and Age were used in the statistical models. Means of groups were compared using Least Square Means (LSMeans) of SAS, where significant difference was observed at P ≤ 0.05. It was possible to conclude that buffaloes during peak lactation need to metabolize body reserves to supplement the lower amounts of bloodstream lipids, when they remain in negative energy balance. In the dry period, there were significant changes in the lipid profile, characterized by decrease of nutritional requirements, with consequent improvement in the general conditions of the animals.