Parametric Analysis of Effective Material Properties of Thickness-Shear Piezoelectric Macro-Fibre Composites

A previous study on the characterization of effective material properties of a d(15) thickness-shear piezoelectric Macro-Fibre Composite (MFC) made of seven layers (Kapton, Acrylic, Electrode, Piezoceramic Fibre and Epoxy Composite, Electrode, Acrylic, Kapton) using a finite element homogenization method has shown that the packaging reduces significantly the shear stiffness of the piezoceramic material and, thus, leads to significantly smaller effective electromechanical coupling coefficient k(15) and piezoelectric stress constant e(15) when compared to the piezoceramic fibre properties. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to perform a parametric analysis in which the effect of the variations of fibre volume fraction, Epoxy elastic modulus, electrode thickness and active layer thickness on the MFC effective material properties is evaluated. Results indicate that an effective d(15) MFC should use relatively thick fibres having relatively high shear modulus and relatively stiff epoxy filler. On the other hand, the electrode thickness does not affect significantly the MFC performance.

Effect of parametric uncertainties on the performance of a piezoelectric energy harvesting device

The use of piezoelectric materials for the development of electromechanical devices for the harvesting or scavenging of ambient vibrations has been extensively studied over the last decade. The energy conversion from mechanical (vibratory) to electrical energy is provided by the electromechanical coupling between mechanical strains/stresses and electric charges/voltages in the piezoelectric material. The majority of the studies found in the open literature present a tip-mass cantilever piezoelectric device tuned on the operating frequency. Although recent results show that these devices can be quite effective for harvesting small amounts of electrical energy, little has been published on the robustness of these devices or on the effect of parametric uncertainties on the energy harvested. This work focuses on a cantilever plate with bonded piezoelectric patches and a tip-mass serving as an energy harvesting device. The rectifier and storage electric circuit was replaced by a resistive circuit (R). In addition, an alternative to improve the harvesting performance by adding an inductance in series to the harvesting circuit, thus leading to a resonant circuit (RL), is considered. A coupled finite element model leading to mechanical (displacements) and electrical (charges at electrodes) degrees of freedom is considered. An analysis of the effect of parametric uncertainties of the device on the electric output is performed. Piezoelectric and dielectric constants of the piezoelectric active layers and electric circuit equivalent inductance are considered as stochastic parameters. Mean and confidence intervals of the electric output are evaluated.

Brazilian sandy beach macrofauna production: a review

The state of the art of the studies on the production of Brazilian sandy beach macrofauna was analyzed on the basis of the data available in the literature. For this purpose, the representativeness of the production dataset was examined by latitudinal distribution, degree of exposure and morphodynamic state of beaches, taxonomic groups, and methods employed. A descriptive analysis was, further, made to investigate the trends in production of the more representative taxonomic groups and species of sandy beach macrofauna. A total of 69 macrofauna annual production estimates were obtained for 38 populations from 25 studies carried out between 22º56'S and 32º20'S. Production estimates were restricted to populations on beaches located on the southern and southeastern Brazilian coast. Most of the populations in the dataset inhabit exposed dissipative sandy beaches and are mainly represented by mollusks and crustaceans, with a smaller number of polychaetes. The trends in production among taxonomic groups follow a similar pattern to that observed on beaches throughout the world, with high values for bivalves and decapods. The high turnover rate (P/B ratio) of the latter was due to the presence of several populations of the mole crab Emerita brasiliensis, which can attain high values of productivity, in the dataset. Most of the studies focus on the comparison of production and, especially, of P/B ratio according to life history traits in populations of the same species/taxonomic group. Despite the importance of life history-production studies, other approaches, such as the effect of man-induce disturbances on the macrofauna, should be undertaken in these threatened environments.

Serological, clinical and epidemiological evaluation of toxocariasis in urban areas of south Brazil.

Toxocariasis is a worldwide public-health problem that poses major risks to children who may accidentally ingest embryonated eggs of Toxocara. The objectives of this study were to investigate the occurrence of anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies in children and adolescents and the variables that may be involved, as well as environmental contamination by Toxocara spp. eggs, in urban recreation areas of north central mesoregion, Paraná State, Brazil. From June 2005 to March 2007. a total of 376 blood samples were collected by the Public Health Service from children and adolescents one to 12 years old, of both genders. Samples were analyzed by the indirect ELISA method for detection of anti-Toxocara antibodies. Serum samples were previously absorbed with Ascaris suum antigens, and considered positive with a reagent reactivity index ≥1. Soil samples from all of the public squares and schools located in the four evaluated municipalities that had sand surfaces (n = 19) or lawns (n = 15) were analyzed. Of the 376 serum samples, 194 (51.6%) were positive. The seroprevalence rate was substantially higher among children aging one to five years (p = 0.001) and six to eight years (p = 0.022). The clinical signs and symptoms investigated did not show a statistical difference between seropositive and seronegative individuals (p > 0.05). In 76.5% of the investigated recreation places, eggs of Toxocara were detected in at least one of the five collected samples. Recreation areas from public schools were 2.8 times more contaminated than from public squares. It is important to institute educational programs to inform families and educators, as well as to improve sanitary control of animals and cleaning of the areas intended for recreation in order to prevent toxocariasis.

Influência da altura da maré em estudos de populações de Ocypode quadrata através da contagem de tocas

No supralitoral de praias arenosas, o número limitado de espécies da macrofauna e a maior constância destas entre praias (comparado ao médio litoral), apresenta-se ora como pró, ora como contra, a identificação de organismos adequados ao monitoramento e avaliação da qualidade ambiental. Assim, o crescente esforço para identificar padrões espaciais/temporais dessas espécies leva a um aumento de questionamentos metodológicos. Visamos responder se há necessidade de fixar condições de maré (alta ou baixa; sizígia ou quadratura) para estudos com o caranguejo Ocypode quadrata

Influência da altura da maré em estudos de populações de Ocypode quadrata através da contagem de tocas

No supralitoral de praias arenosas, o número limitado de espécies da macrofauna e a maior constância destas entre praias (comparado ao médio litoral), apresenta-se ora como pró, ora como contra, a identificação de organismos adequados ao monitoramento e avaliação da qualidade ambiental. Assim, o crescente esforço para identificar padrões espaciais/temporais dessas espécies leva a um aumento de questionamentos metodológicos. Visamos responder se há necessidade de fixar condições de maré (alta ou baixa; sizígia ou quadratura) para estudos com o caranguejo Ocypode quadrata. 1) Altura da maré e quantificação de indivíduos. Nove praias foram avaliadas em cada estação do ano, através de três transectos de 2 m perpendiculares à linha d'água, em condições de maré aleatórias. A altura da maré foi registrada para cada transecto e correlacionada com: o comprimento total do transecto; a amplitude de ocorrência de O. quadrata. Houve correlação significativa entre a altura da maré e o comprimento dos transectos em 4 das 9 praias; em nenhum caso houve correlação significativa entre as amplitudes de maré e de ocorrência dos animais. 2) Marés de sizígia e quadratura e quantificação de indivíduos. Em uma área de estudo fixa, foram traçados transectos na preamar e baixa-mar das marés de sizígia e quadratura ao longo de um mês. Não houve variação significativa de acordo com o tipo de maré, mas houve aumento significativo ao longo do tempo. O estudo se iniciou em maré de sizígia, o que pode ter levado a menor média geral nessa condição. Assim, o estudo aponta que condições de maré não sejam essenciais para a quantificação de populações de Ocypode - contanto que se evite condições extremas -, um ponto facilitador do trabalho com este organismo.

Varredura de hidrocarbonetos em grânulos plástico da praia de Embaré, Baixada Santista, São Paulo, Brasil

Os oceanos e as praias têm recebido todo o tipo de fragmentos, que podem ter impactos econômicos, estéticos e ecológicos (USEPA, 1992). Dentre esses fragmentos, estão os pellets ou grânulos plásticos, que são utilizados na indústria para manufatura de diversos produtos (Ogata et al, 2009). Esses grânulos entram no ambiente de forma acidental ou intencional durante o transporte ou produção de plástico (ITF, 1988) e representam um importante constituinte da poluição marinha por resíduos sólidos, estando presentes em todos os oceanos e praias do mundo, com relatos desde a década de 70 (Turra, 2008). Efeitos adversos que podem ocorrer em organismos que ingerem esses grânulos incluem bloqueio do trato intestinal, redução de consumo alimentar e aumento à exposição dos produtos químicos (Endo et al., 2005). Segundo Karapanagioti e Klontza (2008), os grânulos de baixa densidade flutuam na superfície do oceano e chegam nas praias. Sendo orgânicos, os grânulos adsorvem contaminantes hidrofóbicos, como hidrocarbonetos, presentes ao longo percurso até chegar na praia (Mato et al., 2001). Esses compostos estão entre contaminantes que podem afetar o ambiente marinho e podem ser provenientes de vazamentos de óleo e queima incompleta de combustíveis fósseis (NRC, 1985). O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar resultados desses compostos em grânulos de plástico coletados na superfície do sedimento da Praia do Embaré, Baixada Santista, SP, região muito afetada pela introdução de hidrocarbonetos.