Serological, clinical and epidemiological evaluation of toxocariasis in urban areas of south Brazil.

Toxocariasis is a worldwide public-health problem that poses major risks to children who may accidentally ingest embryonated eggs of Toxocara. The objectives of this study were to investigate the occurrence of anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies in children and adolescents and the variables that may be involved, as well as environmental contamination by Toxocara spp. eggs, in urban recreation areas of north central mesoregion, Paraná State, Brazil. From June 2005 to March 2007. a total of 376 blood samples were collected by the Public Health Service from children and adolescents one to 12 years old, of both genders. Samples were analyzed by the indirect ELISA method for detection of anti-Toxocara antibodies. Serum samples were previously absorbed with Ascaris suum antigens, and considered positive with a reagent reactivity index ≥1. Soil samples from all of the public squares and schools located in the four evaluated municipalities that had sand surfaces (n = 19) or lawns (n = 15) were analyzed. Of the 376 serum samples, 194 (51.6%) were positive. The seroprevalence rate was substantially higher among children aging one to five years (p = 0.001) and six to eight years (p = 0.022). The clinical signs and symptoms investigated did not show a statistical difference between seropositive and seronegative individuals (p > 0.05). In 76.5% of the investigated recreation places, eggs of Toxocara were detected in at least one of the five collected samples. Recreation areas from public schools were 2.8 times more contaminated than from public squares. It is important to institute educational programs to inform families and educators, as well as to improve sanitary control of animals and cleaning of the areas intended for recreation in order to prevent toxocariasis.

As cadeiras extintas da Academia de Direito de São Paulo

A Academia de Direito de São Paulo, fundada em 1827 por Decreto Imperial, em toda a sua jornada de grade disciplinar evoluiu em consonância aos necessários procedimentos, caminhando na construção de uma tutela doutrinal e jurisprudencial, atendendo não-só a sociedade como, também, à correta busca de uma nação voltada à segurança no intuito de assegurar uma democracia plena de Direito. Desde a criação dos cursos jurídicos não há uma cadeira em seu currículo - incluso as extintas por decretos governamentais - que não fosse de suma importância no período de sua vigência, a exemplo da intitulada Hygiene Publica lecionada por Augusto Cezar de Miranda Azevedo, Catedrático por Decreto de 21 de março de 1891, dando origem ao Direito Sanitário atualmente vinculado à Medicina, área de Saúde Pública, ou Direito Nacional e Direito Natural, dando margem ao Direito do Estado e à Introdução à Ciência do Direito. A Cadeira de Direito das Gentes, inicialmente inserida em parceria ao Direito Natural, deu margem ao Direito Internacional Público lecionada por José Maria Avelar Brotero, em 1828, tornando-se, na História da Academia de Direito como das mais importantes disciplinas da grade curricular.