Photoconduction action spectra of regio-regular poly(3-hexylthiopene):TiO2 diodes

The development of polymer-based photovoltaic devices brings the promise of low-cost and lightweight solar energy conversion systems. This technology requires new materials and device architectures with enhanced efficiency and lifetime, which depends on the understanding of charge-transport mechanisms. Organic films combined with electronegative nanoparticles may form systems with efficient dissociation of the photogenerated excitons, thus increasing the number of carriers to be collected by the electrodes. In this paper we investigate the steady-state photoconductive action spectra of devices formed by a bilayer of regio-regular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RRP3HT) and TiO2 sandwiched between ITO and aluminum electrodes (ITO/TiO2:RRP3HT/Al). Photocurrents were measured for distinct bias voltages with illumination from either side of the device. Heterojunction structures were prepared by spin coating a RRP3HT film on an already deposited TiO2 layer on ITO. Symbatic and antibatic curves were obtained and a model for photocurrent action spectra was able to fit the symbatic responses. The quantum yield increased with the electric field, indicating that exciton dissociation is a field-assisted process as in an Onsager mechanism. Furthermore, the quantum yield was significantly higher when illumination was carried out through the ITO electrode onto which the TiO2 layer was deposited, as the highly electronegative TiO2 nanoparticles were efficient in exciton dissociation.

A comparison between diuretics and angiotensin-receptor blocker agents in patients with stage I hypertension (PREVER-treatment trial): study protocol for a randomized double-blind controlled trial

Abstract Background Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in Brazil, and hypertension is its major risk factor. The benefit of its drug treatment to prevent major cardiovascular events was consistently demonstrated. Angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARB) have been the preferential drugs in the management of hypertension worldwide, despite the absence of any consistent evidence of advantage over older agents, and the concern that they may be associated with lower renal protection and risk for cancer. Diuretics are as efficacious as other agents, are well tolerated, have longer duration of action and low cost, but have been scarcely compared with ARBs. A study comparing diuretic and ARB is therefore warranted. Methods/design This is a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial, comparing the association of chlorthalidone and amiloride with losartan as first drug option in patients aged 30 to 70 years, with stage I hypertension. The primary outcomes will be variation of blood pressure by time, adverse events and development or worsening of microalbuminuria and of left ventricular hypertrophy in the EKG. The secondary outcomes will be fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular events: myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, evidence of new subclinical atherosclerosis and sudden death. The study will last 18 months. The sample size will be of 1200 participants for group in order to confer enough power to test for all primary outcomes. The project was approved by the Ethics committee of each participating institution. Discussion The putative pleiotropic effects of ARB agents, particularly renal protection, have been disputed, and they have been scarcely compared with diuretics in large clinical trials, despite that they have been at least as efficacious as newer agents in managing hypertension. Even if the null hypothesis is not rejected, the information will be useful for health care policy to treat hypertension in Brazil. Clinical trials registration number ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00971165

Modelagem para o dimensionamento de um sistema de microirrigação utilizando microtubos ramificados

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de se modelar e avaliar o comportamento hidráulico de microtubos ramificados, com base na relação entre vazão e comprimento dos microtubos para uma pressão de entrada, operando sob regime laminar. Dois modelos matemáticos foram estudados, em que um considerou a perda localizada de carga no dimensionamento dos microtubos ramificados e o outro a desconsiderou. O experimento para validação dos modelos foi conduzido no Laboratrio de Hidráulica da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ-USP), Piracicaba, SP, medindo-se a vazão dos emissores para as pressões de 14,7; 18,6; 39,2 e 58,9 kPa. A configuração do sistema de irrigação consistiu de uma linha lateral com diâmetro nominal (DN) de 10,0 mm, na qual foram inseridos microtubos conectores com DN de 0,8 mm conectados a um segmento de tubo de derivação e acoplados seis microtubos emissores com DN de 0,7 mm. Verificou-se que, dentre os modelos matemáticos, aquele que considerou a perda localizada de carga apresentou maior exatidão pois teve elevado, um bom índice de Willmott e baixo erro quadrático médio.