Acid-base status of ammonia-poisoned steers

Although several studies on ammonia poisoning have been carried out, there is a lack of information on acid-base balance status in ammonia-poisoned cattle. Twelve crossbred steers received intraruminally 0.5 g of urea per kg of body weight in order to induce a clinical picture of ammonia poisoning. Blood samples were collected throughout the trials in order to determine the blood ammonia, lactate, and perform blood gas analysis. All cattle presented a classical clinical picture of ammonia poisoning, with a blood ammonia concentration rising progressively from the beginning until reaching higher values at 180 min (27 ± 3 to 1719 ± 101 μmol L-1), with a similar pattern occurring with blood L-lactate levels (1.7 ± 0.3 to 26.0 ± 1.7 mmol L-1). The higher the blood ammonia concentration the higher the blood L-lactate levels (r = 0.86). All animals developed metabolic acidosis, as blood pH lowered to 7.24 0.03. The steers tried to compensate the metabolic acidosis mainly through the use of blood buffers and respiratory adjustments by lowering the pCO2 levels in the blood to 32.8 ± 2.0 mm Hg.

Projections of hypersurfaces in 'R POT.4' with boundary to planes

We study orthogonal projections of generic embedded hypersurfaces in 'R POT.4' with boundary to 2-spaces. Therefore, we classify simple map germs from 'R POT.3' to the plane of codimension less than or equal to 4 with the source containing a distinguished plane which is preserved by coordinate changes. We also go into some detail on their geometrical properties in order to recognize the cases of codimension less than or equal to 1.