Daily vitamin supplementation and hypovitaminosis after obesity surgery

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether constant daily vitamin supplementation would be sufficient to prevent possible vitamin deficiencies in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Methods: The study was conducted on 58 men and women (mean age 41 +/- 10 y) who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass RYGB and were assessed preoperatively and at 3, 6, and 12 mo after surgery. During the postoperative period, the patients received a multivitamin-mineral supplement on a daily basis. Results: Serum beta-carotene and vitamin C were lower starting from the third postoperative month and continued to be low after 12 mo, and vitamin A was decreased by the sixth month and increased by 12 mo. Vitamin B12 levels were stable up to 6 mo but were decreased by 12 mo. Folic acid levels increased from the third month and remained higher throughout follow-up. One year after surgery there were 19% and 21% increases in the number of patients with vitamin A and vitamin C deficiency, respectively, and a 4% decreased of patients with folic acid deficiency. Conclusion: Weight loss and improvement in patients' general condition followed surgery, but serum levels of some vitamins were decreased despite the use of a vitamin-mineral supplement. These patients need continuous follow-up and individualized prescription of supplementation after the surgical procedure to prevent and treat vitamin deficiencies. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Nutrient Intake of Women 3 Years After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery

Nutritional deficiencies, especially micronutrient deficiencies, can occur in obese individuals. Surgical treatment may aggravate or cause these deficiencies, depending on the type of procedure, food intake and the use of multivitamins, minerals or other supplements. The objective of the study was to evaluate the nutrient intake of women who had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. A cross-sectional, controlled study was conducted among 44 women after RYGB (operated-group, OG; mean years post-operation = 3.4) and a control group of 38 healthy women (non-operated group, NOG) matched by age and economic condition. The women reported their dietary intake using a 4-day record. The Dietary Reference Intakes was used as a reference. The macronutrient contributions to dietary energy intake presented an acceptable distribution for proteins and carbohydrates. Lipid intake was high among women in the OG and the NOG (43.2 and 55.3 %, respectively). In the evaluation of micronutrients, a statistically significant difference was observed between the groups for iron, zinc and vitamins B1 and B12. Both groups were at high risk for inadequate calcium intake, and the OG was at risk for inadequate zinc, iron and vitamin B1 intake. The nutrient intake of women who had undergone RYGB is very similar to that of non-operated women, with the exception of a reduced intake of iron, zinc and vitamins B1 and B12, which may be due to the difficulty of consuming meat and a balanced diet. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of appropriate nutritional intervention and the regular use of multivitamin and mineral supplements for these patients.

Reporting Results After Bariatric Surgery: Reproducibility of Predicted Body Mass Index

There is a controversy about the best way to report results after bariatric surgery. Several indices have been proposed over the years such as percentage of total weight loss (%TWL), percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL), and percentage of excess body mass index loss (%EBMIL). More recently, it has been suggested to individualize the body mass index (BMI) goal to be achieved by the patients (predicted BMI-PBMI). The objective was to assess the reproducibility of this PBMI in our service. In this retrospective study, we assessed the %TWL, %EWL, %EBMIL (with expected BMI of 25 kg/m(2)), and %EBMIL (with PBMI) over 4 years of observation in two groups of patients: BMI < 50 kg/m(2) and BMI a parts per thousand yen50 kg/m(2). The medical records of 403 patients were studied. From 18 to 42 months after surgery, %TWL was higher in the superobese group, whereas %EWL was similar for the two groups. %EBMIL was higher in less obese patients up to 24 months and similar thereafter. In contrast, %EBMIL with PBMI was greater in the superobese group, although it never reached the 100% goal. We conclude that %EBMIL results according to PBMI were not reproducible in our institution. There is a need to elaborate a new easy-to-obtain and reproducible index.

Effect of Genetic Variants Related to Lipid Metabolism as Risk Factors for Cholelithiasis After Bariatric Surgery in Brazilian Population

The manifestation of cholelithiasis after bariatric surgery may depend on genetic factors related to lipid metabolism, including apolipoprotein E (APOE) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene polymorphisms. We investigated the association between APOE HhaI and CETP TaqIB polymorphisms [PCR-RFLP] and occurrence of cholelithiasis over up to 8 months of follow-up after gastroplasty to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in 220 patients distributed in Group 1 (G1) 114 with cholelithiasis postoperatively and Group 2 (G2) 106 without cholelithiasis, including biochemical and anthropometric profiles analyses. In our series, the allelic and genotypic distributions of CETP TaqIB and APOE HhaI polymorphisms were similar in both groups (P > 0.05). The subgroup analysis evidenced that 54% of the patients from G1, APOE*4 allele carriers compared with APOE*3/3 carriers, presented altered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol) serum levels (P = 0.022) before bariatric surgery. The B1 allele for CETP was associated to more quickly elevation of HDL cholesterol levels just in individuals without cholelitiasis (P < 0.0001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrates correlation between APOE*4 allele, higher total cholesterol (TC) serum levels and prediposition to cholelitiasis in preoperative period. However, the presence of postoperative cholelithiasis was not associated with altered lipid profile. The CETP TaqIB and APOE HhaI polymorphisms do not seem to have association with gallstones in the late postoperative bariatric surgery, considering that these genetic variants do not differ subgroups of patients who are eligible to routine prophylactic cholecystectomy, at least in Brazilian population.

Levothyroxine Absorption in Morbidly Obese Patients Before and After Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) Surgery

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) modifies the anatomical structure of the upper intestine tract, reduces gastric acid secretion, and may impair LT4 absorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the LT4 absorption in morbidly obese patients before and after RYGB. Thirty morbidly obese patients were divided in two groups: The NS group included 15 patients before RYGB surgery (BMI = 43.1 +/- 4 kg/m(2)), and the S group included 15 patients after surgery (BMI = 37.3 +/- 4 kg/m(2)). Two baseline samples were collected, and 600 mu g of oral LT4 tablets were administered. Blood samples were collected at 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 1440 min. Serum-free T4 (FT4), total T4 (TT4), and TSH were measured at each time point. The increase in TT4, FT4, and TSH (Delta TT4, Delta FT4, and Delta TSH) was calculated, subtracting from the baseline mean value. The pharmacokinetics parameters regarding LT4 absorption, maximum Delta TT4, and area under the curve(AUC) of both Delta TT4 and Delta FT4 were significantly higher in the S group compared with the NS group (p < 0.05). It was observed, however, that there was a significant delay in the absorption of LT4 in the S group. Basal serum TSH and leptin levels were higher in the NS group (p = 0.016 and 0.026, respectively), whereas basal serum TT4, FT4, Delta TSH, and the AUC of Delta TSH were similar between groups. In this study, we have demonstrated that Roux-en-Y bypass surgery does not diminish LT4 absorption. A small but significant delayed absorption of LT4, however, was observed in patients after surgery.

Lean and Fat Mass Loss in Obese Patients Before and After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A New Application for Ultrasound Technique

This study aims to evaluate the thickness of the femoral quadriceps and biceps brachii and brachialis muscles bilaterally and the adjacent subcutaneous fat in patients undergoing gastric bypass Roux-en-Y before and after surgery, using ultrasound as the diagnostic method of choice. We studied 12 patients undergoing this surgical method preoperatively and during the first, third, and sixth postoperative months. During these periods, patients were evaluated by ultrasound to determine the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue and muscle of the upper and lower limbs. Postoperatively, these patients showed a reduction in the thickness of the upper and lower extremities muscle and adipose tissue as compared to their preoperative values. There was a significant difference in the loss of muscle thickness in all postoperative months and in the thickness of fatty tissue in the sixth month after surgery, compared to the preoperative muscle and fatty tissue thickness. Ultrasound can be considered as the diagnostic method of choice when assessment of the fat and lean body mass is required in morbidly obese patients before and after bariatric surgery.

Clinical Predictors of Different Grades of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the comorbidities related to obesity. Liver biopsy has been used as the "gold standard" for the diagnosis, grading, and prognosis of obese patients. The objective of the present study was to evaluate clinical predictors of more advanced stages of NAFLD. In this retrospective study we assessed several physical and laboratorial factors, including some cytokines, in morbidly obese patients submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass that could be related to the diagnosis and staging of NAFLD. Fragments of the livers were obtained from wedge biopsies during operation. The medical records of 259 patients were studied. The patients were divided into four groups: normal hepatic biopsy, steatosis, mild nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and moderate and severe NASH. There were no differences in cytokine levels among groups. The triglyceride levels were the only variable that could stratify the grades of NAFLD and also differentiate from normal livers in the female patients. Also in this group, the aminotransferases and GGT levels and fasting glucose were predictors of the more advanced stages of NASH, while BMI and weight were predictors of the more advanced stages of NASH in male patients. There are no available markers in clinical practice to detect the initial stages of NAFLD. It is very important to perform a liver biopsy in all patients submitted to bariatric surgery and in obese patients with no indication to be operated in the presence of elevated blood levels of aminotransferases, GGT, and fasting glucose.

Extreme bariatric endoscopy: stenting to reconnect the pouch to the gastrojejunostomy after a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Among the possible complications of bariatric surgery, fistula and partial dehiscence of the gastric suture are well known. Reoperation often is required but results in significant morbidity. Endoscopic treatment of some bariatric complications is feasible and efficient. A modified metallic stent was placed between the gastroaesophageal junction and the alimentary jejunal limb, allowing the passage of a nasoenteric feeding tube into the jejunal limb. Endoscopy showed disruption of nearly the entire staple line at the gastric pouch. The modified stent was placed and allowed wound healing. After 31 days, the stent had migrated and was removed endoscopically. Total clousure of the fistula was reported 30 days afterward. Endoscopic treatment of some bariatric surgery complications is feasible and has been reported previously. This report presents a case of a serious leakage treated by placement of a self-expandable metal stent to bridge the fistula.

Effects of Gastric Bypass Surgery in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Only Mild Obesity

OBJECTIVE-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) ameliorates type 2 diabetes in severely obese patients through mechanisms beyond just weight loss, and it may benefit less obese diabetic patients. We determined the long-term impact of RYGB on patients with diabetes and only class 1 obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-Sixty-six consecutively selected diabetic patients with BMI 30-35 kg/m(2) underwent RYGB in a tertiary-care hospital and were prospectively studied for up to 6 years (median 5 years [range 1-6]), with 100% follow-up. Main outcome measures were safety and the percentage of patients experiencing diabetes remission (HbA(1c) <6.5% without diabetes medication). RESULTS-Participants had severe, longstanding diabetes, with disease duration 12.5 +/- 7.4 years and HbA(1c) 9.7 +/- 1.5%, despite insulin and/or oral diabetes medication usage in everyone. For up to 6 years following RYGB, durable diabetes remission occurred in 88% of cases, with glycemic improvement in 11%. Mean HbA(1c) fell from 9.7 +/- 1.5 to 5.9 +/- 0.1% (P < 0.001), despite diabetes medication cessation in the majority. Weight loss failed to correlate with several measures of improved glucose homeostasis, consistent with weight-independent antidiabetes mechanisms of RYGB. C-peptide responses to glucose increased substantially, suggesting improved beta-cell function. There was no mortality, major surgical morbidity, or excessive weight loss. Hypertension and dyslipidemia also improved, yielding 50-84% reductions in predicted 10-year cardiovascular disease risks of fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease and stroke. CONCLUSIONS-This is the largest, longest-term study examining RYGB for diabetic patients without severe obesity. RYGB safely and effectively ameliorated diabetes and associated comorbidities, reducing cardiovascular risk, in patients with a BMI of only 30-35 kg/m(2).

Evaluation of quality of life in severely obese patients after bariatric surgery carried out in the public healthcare system

Objectives: To assess QoL of obese patients in the Brazilian public healthcare system, before and after bariatric surgery, and to determine the appropriateness of the Moorehead-Ardelt Questionnaire II (M-A-QoLQII) compared with the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Subjects and methods: Forty-one severe obese patients in a waiting-list, and 84 patients who underwent bariatric surgery were included. Correlations were tested and reliability determined by the Cronbach's coefficient. Results: BMI differed between the pre- and post-surgery groups (52.3 +/- 8.3 kg/m(2) vs. 32.5 +/- 6.4 kg/m(2), p < 0.001). The latter showed better scores in the SF-36 domains than in the pre-surgery. SF-36 and M-A-QoLQII categories were correlated (r = 0.53, 0.49 and 0.47, for vitality, mental health, and general health domains, p < 0.001). In the logistic regression, age, previous BMI, and loss of excess weight were associated with functional capacity. Conclusions:The outcomes of bariatric surgery obtained in a Brazilian public healthcare center were successful. M-A-QoLII represents a useful tool to assess surgery outcomes, including QoL. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2012;56(1):33-8

Influence of nutritional variables and obesity on health and metabolism

Influence of nutritional variables and obesity on health and metabolism Obesity is a recurring theme in current scientific literature. This can easily be explained by its exponential increase in all layers of society. The popularity of this subject has also given rise to associated questions, which have achieved greater prominence in health-related publications. In order to assess what has been studied in the field of obesity and nutrition, an overview of all articles published on these subjects in some of the main Brazilian scientific journals over the past two years was performed. Among the subthemes selected for this study, those related to childhood obesity attracted attention due to their greater frequency. These were subdivided into: prevalence, intrauterine and breastfeeding influences that may lead to the development of this condition, impact on quality of life, cardiovascular system and metabolism, and possible prevention strategies. Furthermore, issues related to obesity in adults were explored, such as risk factors and new strategies for prevention, with special attention given to the many studies evaluating different aspects of bariatric surgery. Finally, the subject of malnutrition and the impact of the deficiency of specific micronutrients such as selenium, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 were assessed. Based on the results, it was possible to assess the actual importance of obesity and nutrition in health maintenance, and also the several lines of research regarding these issues. Thus, it is essential to create new methods, which must be quick and efficient, to update health professionals involved in the treatment of obesity.

Sleeve Gastrectomy With Transit Bipartition A Potent Intervention for Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity

Objective: To present 5-year results of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) with transit bipartition (TB) as a metabolic intervention for obesity. Background: Recent data suggest that high glycemic index foods may lead to a hormonally hyperactive proximal gut and a hypoactivate distal gut, which are linked to metabolic syndrome. TB was designed to counterbalance these effects. Methods: A total of 1020 obese patients with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 33 to 72 Kg/m(2) underwent SG and TB (SG + TB). TB creates a gastroileal anastomosis in the antrum after the SG; nutrient transit is maintained in the duodenum, avoiding blind loops and minimizing malabsorption. The stomach retains 2 outflow pathways. A lateral enteroanastomosis connects both segments at 80 cm proximal to the cecum. Results: Adequate follow-up data were collected in 59.1% of patients from 4 months to 5 years. The average percent of excess BMI loss was 91%, 94%, 85%, 78%, and 74% in the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth year, respectively. Patients experienced early satiety and major improvement in presurgical comorbidities, including diabetes (86% in remission), following surgery. Two deaths occurred (0.2%). Other surgical complications occurred in 6% of patients. Signs of malabsorption were rare. Conclusions: SG + TB is a simple procedure that results in rapid weight loss and remission or major improvement of comorbidities. Strictly aiming at physiological correction, TB avoids prostheses, narrow anastomoses, excluded segments, and malabsorption. Weight and comorbidities are much improved. Diabetes is improved without duodenal exclusion. TB is an excellent complement to an SG.

Influence of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery on Vitamin C, Myeloperoxidase, and Oral Clinical Manifestations: A 2-Year Follow-Up Study

Background: Bariatric surgery influences the intake and absorption of nutrients. The serum concentrations of vitamin C, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and oral clinical manifestations were examined in patients two years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Methods: Clinical prospective-study with control-group (CG; n = 26), assessed only once, and the bariatric-group (BG; n = 26), assessed in the basal period and at 12 and 24 months after surgery. The mean ages in the CG and BG were 37.8 +/- 1.51 and 39.6 +/- 1.93 years, respectively, and their body mass indices were 22.07 +/- 0.29 and 45.62 +/- 1.46 kg/m2, respectively. Results: At 12 months after surgery, increased episodes of vomiting (P < .001) and dental hypersensitivity (P=.012) were observed, with a reduction in the saliva buffering capacity of 21.3 2.9% (P=.004). At 24 months after RYGB, we detected a significant reduction in serum vitamin C (32.9 +/- 5.3%, P < .001) and MPO values were higher than in the basal period (P = .032). With regard to oral hygiene habits, 92.3% of patients reported frequent tooth brushing and 96.1% used fluoride, which were similar across the two years. However, dental hypersensitivity (P = .048) was significantly increased than baseline. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that vitamin C deficiency and increased vomiting after RYGB for morbid obesity may contribute to increased periodontal disease. The fact it is impossible to determine which factors (diet, poor compliance with supplementation, vomiting, poor oral hygiene) contributed to the dental problems in these patients is a shortcoming of the report. (Nutr Clin Pract. 2012; 27: 114-121)