Seaweed Aquaculture and Marine Biotechnology

Macroscopic marine algae, typically known as macroalgae or seaweeds, form an important living resource of the oceans, as primary producers. People have collected seaweeds for food, both for humans and animals for millennia. They also have been a source of nutrient rich fertilizers, as well as a source of gelling agents known as phycocolloids. More recently macroalgae are playing significant roles in medicine and biotechnology. Although Biotechnology and in particular marine biotechnology may have different meanings for different people, under the present context we will consider a broader definition. Marine biotechnology consists on the use of biological knowledge and/or the application of biological techniques on marine organisms, for the development of products in some way beneficial for humans. Seaweed aquaculture is, therefore a biotechnology activity. It is also one that can allow for further development of the industry. Today, seaweed cultivation techniques are standardized, routine and economical. Several factors, including understanding the environmental regulation of life histories and asexual propagation of thalli, are responsible for the success of large-scale seaweed cultivation. Presently, seaweed aquaculture represents approximately 23% of the world’s aquaculture production, including fish, crustaceans and other animals. A promising approach for the development of seaweed aquaculture, and aquaculture in general, is the integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA). In these systems, fed-aquaculture is combined with extractive organisms like bivalves and/or algae. The constraints and advantages of IMTA will be discussed. In particular, land based IMTA systems allow for much greater environmental and input controls. Traceability, security of supply, high-quality standards and safety should be the future of seaweed aquaculture and contribute for the development of marine biotechnology.

Ammonium uptake, transport and nitrogen economy in forest trees

AMMONIUM UPTAKE, TRANSPORT AND NITROGEN ECONOMY IN FOREST TREES Francisco M. Cánovas, Concepción Avila, Fernando N. de la Torre, Rafael A. Cañas, Belén Pascual, Vanessa Castro- Rodríguez, Jorge El-Azaz Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Spain. Email: canovas@uma.es Forests ecosystems play a fundamental role in the regulation of global carbon fixation and preservation of biodiversity. Forest trees are also of great economic value because they provide a wide range of products of commercial interest, including wood, pulp, biomass and important secondary metabolites. The productivity of most forest ecosystems is limited by low nitrogen availability and woody perennials have developed adaptation mechanisms, such as ectomycorrhizal associations, to increase the efficiency of N acquisition and metabolic assimilation. The efficient acquisition, assimilation and economy of nitrogen are of special importance in trees that must cope with seasonal periods of growth and dormancy over many years. In fact, the ability to accumulate nitrogen reserves and to recycle N is crucial to determine the growth and production of forest biomass. Ammonium is the predominant form of inorganic nitrogen in the soil of temperate forests and many research efforts are addressed to study the regulation of ammonium acquisition, assimilation and internal recycling for the biosynthesis of amino acids, particularly those relevant for nitrogen storage. In our laboratory, we are interested in studying nitrogen metabolism and its regulation in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster L. Aiton), a conifer species of great ecological and economic importance in Europe and for which whole-transcriptome resources are available. The metabolism of phenylalanine plays a central role in the channeling of carbon from photosynthesis to the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and the regulation of this pathway is of broad significance for nitrogen economy of maritime pine. We are currently exploring the molecular properties and regulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis and metabolic fates of phenylalanine in maritime pine. An overview of this research programme will be presented and discussed. Research supported by Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and Junta de Andalucía (Grants BIO2015-69285-R, BIO2012-0474 and research group BIO-114).

NAC-MYB basedtranscriptional networkinvolved in the regulation of phenylalanine biosynthesis in P. pinaster

P2-2 NAC-MYB-BASED TRANSCRIPCIONAL NETWORK INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF PHENYLALANINE BIOSYNTHESIS IN P. PINASTER Mª Belén Pascual, Rafael A. Cañas, Blanca Craven-Bartle, Francisco M. Cánovas and Concepción Ávila Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de teatinos s/n, Málaga, Spain Email: cavila@uma.es Conifer trees divert large quantities of carbon into the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, particularly to generate lignin, an important constituent of wood. Since phenylalanine is the precursor for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, the precise regulation of phenylalanine synthesis and use should occur simultaneously. This crucial pathway is finely regulated primarily at the transcriptional level. Transcriptome analyses indicate that the transcription factors (TFs) preferentially expressed during wood formation in plants belong to the MYB and NAC families. Craven-Bartle et al. (2013) have shown that Myb8 is a candidate regulator of key genes in phenylalanine biosynthesis involved in the supply of the phenylpropane carbon skeleton necessary for lignin biosynthesis. This TF is able to bind AC elements present in the promoter regions of these genes to activate transcription. In Arabidopsis, the transcriptional network controlling secondary cell wall involves NAC-domain regulators operating upstream Myb transcription factors. We have identified in the P. pinaster genome three NAC proteins as potential candidates to be involved in vascular development. One of them, PpNAC1 is expressed both in xylem and compression wood from adult trees and has been thoroughly characterized. Its role upstream the transcriptional network involving Myb8 will be discussed. The understanding of the transcriptional regulatory network associated to phenylpropanoids and lignin biosynthesis in conifers is crucial for future applications in tree improvement and sustainable forest management.

Metabolic channelingof phe for lignin biosynthesis in maritime pine

METABOLIC CHANNELING OF PHE FOR LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS IN MARITIME PINE Jorge El-Azaz, Fernando de la Torre, Belén Pascual, Concepción Ávila and Francisco M. Cánovas Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga. Málaga, Spain Email: jelazaz@alu.uma.es The amino acid phenylalanine (Phe) is the main precursor of phenylpropanoids biosynthesis in plants. This vast family of Phederived compounds can represent up to 30% of captured photosynthetic carbon, playing essential roles in plants such as cell wall components, defense molecules, pigments and flavors. In addition to its physiological importance, phenylpropanoids and particularly lignin, a component of wood, are targets in plant biotechnology. The arogenate pathway has been proposed as the main pathway for Phe biosynthesis in plants (Maeda et al., 2010). The final step in Phe biosynthesis, catalyzed by the enzyme arogenate dehydratase (ADT), has been considered as a key regulatory point in Phe biosynthesis, due to its key branch position in the pathway, the multiple isoenzymes identified in plants and the existence of a feedback inhibition mechanism by Phe. So far, the regulatory mechanisms underlying ADT genes expression have been poorly characterized, although a strong regulation of the Phe metabolic flux should be expected depending on its alternative use for protein biosynthesis versus phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. This second fate involves a massive carbon flux compared to the first one. In this study we report our current research activities in the transcriptional regulation of ADT genes by MYB transcription factors in the conifer Pinus pinaster (maritime pine). The conifers channels massive amounts of photosynthetic carbon for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis during wood formation. We have identified the complete ADT gene family in maritime pine (El-Azaz et al., 2016) and a set of ADT isoforms specifically related with the lignification process. The potential control of transcription factors previously reported as key regulators in pine wood formation (Craven-Bartle et al., 2013) will be presented. Maeda et al. (2010) Plant Cell 22: 832-849. El-Azaz et al. (2016) The Plant Jounal. Accepted article, doi: 10.1111/tpj.13195 Craven-Bartle et al. (2013). The Plant Journal 74(5):755-766

El teatro reflejado en la cerámica ática y del sur de Italia

Los mitos griegos constituyen un acervo cultural que todavía impregna y conforma nuestra manera de pensar y de ser. Nos son conocidos gracias a la literatura, a los poetas y mitógrafos, y al arte de las manifestaciones de Grecia y de Roma. La tragedia ateniense tiene una influencia decisiva como transmisora de la tradición mítica ya que el mito es fuente de creación poética. La tragedia nace y llega a su máximo esplendor en el siglo V a C, pero como género no muere con los tres grandes dramaturgos sino que continúa en el siglo siguiente e incluso sobrevive hasta el final del mundo pagano, experimentando las variaciones y cambios propios del paso del tiempo. La máscara utilizada en sus representaciones ha pasado a ser un símbolo de la tragedia. Platón habla de la tragedia como la forma de poesía más universal. Las representaciones teatrales formaban parte de la vida cotidiana de los ciudadanos, como espectadores o como participantes en las actuaciones. La afición por la tragedia fue grande en la Atenas del siglo V donde miles de espectadores las veían cada año y suponemos que además de disfrutar con el espectáculo, se educaban y formaban su personalidad. Sabemos por ejemplo que la tragedia de Esquilo Los Persas, había contribuido a que los atenienses tomaran conciencia de su superioridad espiritual y que se representa en Sicilia todavía en vida de su autor, que muere en el 456 precisamente en la ciudad siciliana de Gela. Los autores trágicos adquieren fama y notoriedad que se traslada pronto a la Magna Grecia, sobre todo a las ciudades de Sicilia donde el tirano Dioniso era un fanático de la tragedia. Construye teatros en la isla, los mejor conservados, prueba evidente de la gran afición que despierta. Las colonias, algunas de las cuales llegaron a ser muy prósperas, mantienen lazos con las ciudades de origen y más tarde producen sus propias obras. Es lógico que los artistas, sobre todo los pintores, desde épocas tempranas se inspiraran en los mitos para plasmarlos en sus obras y que haya correspondencia entre la palabra y la imagen, que se refuerzan mutuamente. Las imágenes adquieren una nueva dimensión cuando se convierten en portavoces del mensaje de los poetas. La tragedia, por tanto, además de palabra y acción es también imagen. Vamos a ver una muestra 2 de cómo se reproduce a través de las imágenes. El poeta Simónides decía que la pintura es la poesía silenciosa y la poesía es pintura parlante. Nos vamos a limitar a las pinturas que decoran la cerámica, objetos imprescindibles en la vida de los griegos tanto por su uso práctico como simbólico. Los vasos se adornaban con todo tipo de imágenes, con escenas de la vida normal y con las procedentes del mito sin que, en este último caso, podamos comprender lo que el tema representado significaba en cada ocasión. Se utilizaban en el hogar, en los symposios, como premios en las competiciones atléticas, en las ceremonias nupciales y de manera especial en los ritos funerarios.

Non-professional interpreting carried out by vets and veterinary staff for British pets' owners in the South of Spain

La presentación está dedicada a la interpretación realizada a diario por el personal veterinario y veterinarios para clientes británicos en la Costa del Sol.

The evolution of the occupational status in Spain: An intergenerational approach

The relationship between the socio-economic status of parents and children is referred by the literature as intergenerational social mobility. The scope of this mobility encompasses different aspects such as educational attainment, income, wealth, prestige and occupational status. In particular, intergenerational occupational mobility is an interesting topic in the economic literature because it is positively associated with the economic achievement and the professional success. Low mobility implies that human capital, skills and talent can be misallocated. As a consequence, the workers’ efforts, their motivation and productivity could be negatively affected, which would have adverse effects on the economy growth and its competitiveness. This paper attempts to carry out the study of the evolution of intergenerational social mobility in Spain during the 21st century. The methodology applied involves to associate the National Classification of Occupations (CNO-94) with the New International Socio-economic Index of Occupational Status (ISEI-08), in order to establish a socio-economic hierarchy. Afterwards, once the occupational ranking is defined, we use statistic and econometric methods to assess the occupational transitions between fathers and children and to analyse the covariates’ effects on these transitions, including as explanatory variable the children’s educational attainment. Data used corresponds to the 2005 and 2011 Living Condition Survey (INE, 2005, 2011). The results of the study are displayed by distinguishing children according to their birth cohort.

Costa del Sol (Spain), analysis of economic and land changes caused by tourism

Malaga is in southern Spain, in a region called Andalusia. Costa del Sol belongs to the province of Malaga, near the Strait of Gibraltar and near the coast of Africa (about 300 km) and about 2,300 km of Sluptz. The Costa del Sol is next to the Mediterranean Sea and near the Atlantic Ocean. Strong and rapid growth of tourism in the countries of southern Europe and in Poland. Spain currently (2015) is the third largest inbound of international tourism (68 mil.) and the second inbound in tourism revenue. Europe is a major world tourist region. The first recipient of tourism in the world is France. Most tourism takes place between developed countries.

Some features of the law and order model in Spain

This research is based on the hypothesis that law and order model is displacing the procedura justice system in Spain. After a thorough review of the international literature, one can observe that the traditional structure of the penal system does not seem to be capable of containing the new forms of crime. The new penal model assumes that public opinion is alarmed and unwilling to understand rational approaches to crime, so it will be likely to accept measures aimed at calming the fear of crime, through extensive control policies and penal tools to manage uncivil behavior. Objectives and methodology A measuring instrument has been developed to confirm this hypothesis, consisting of ten features that characterize the law and order model. This instrument has been used to identify examples of its ten features in the rules and practices developed at each phase of the Spanish criminal justice system. The analysis has focused specifically on public discourse about delinquency, criminal policy decisions, legislative processes, police routines, judicial dynamics, and prison system practices. Main results The investigation has shown that there are many processes and practices indicating that the law and order model is consolidating itself in the Spanish penal system. Nevertheless this process has a different intensity at each phase, being stronger at the legislative stage and softer in the penitentiary enforcement phase. One of the main conclusions is, therefore, that the designed instrument is ideal for measuring the degree of penetration of the model throughout the system. Some of the most striking results of the reasearch will be presented at the conference. Finally, proposals arise that could prevent the new model is fully seated in our criminal justice system, finding that the trend toward more severe penalties shown already unsustainable.

The Regulation of Competition and Innovation in the European Union and Spain: Opportunities for the Philippines and the ASEAN

The Philippines are currently facing a process of regional economic integration inside the ASEAN, in some way similar to the process undertaken by Spain and the European Union decades ago. Since January 2016, the ASEAN has become a Common Market, for whose effective achievement Competition and Innovation Law and Policies may play a crucial role. The scope of these pages is to overview the importance of the regulation in these issues and the promotion of competition within the member States throughout the process of regional economic integration. Then, we will consider the role that Competition and Intellectual Property Law and Policies have played in the construction of the European Union, and we will point out some current challenges that are still to be faced. Finally, we will offer some comparative conclusions considering the importance that these norms and policies will have in the construction of the ASEAN as an economic integrated area, and the way the ASEAN might follow the footsteps set by the European Union in its integration process.

Changing family models in Spain: the impact of the sociodemographic factors

Abstract During the last few decades, there has been an increasing international recognition of the studies related to the analysis of the family models change, the focus being the determinants of the female employment and the problems related to the work family balance (Lewis, 2001; Petit & Hook, 2005Saraceno, Crompton & Lyonette, 20062008; Pfau-Effinger, 2012). The majority of these studies have been focused on the analysis of the work-family balance problems as well as the effectiveness of the family and gender policies in order to encourage female employment (Korpi et al., 2013). In Spain, special attention has been given to the family policies implemented, the employability of women and on the role of the father in the family (Flaquer et al., 2015; Meil, 2015); however, there has been far less emphasis on the analysis of the family cultural models (González and Jurado, 2012; Crespi and Moreno, 2016). The purpose of this paper is to present some of the first results on the influence of the socio-demographic factors on the expectations and attitudes about the family models. This study offers an analytical reflection upon the foundation of the determinants of the family ambivalence in Spain from the cultural and the institutional dimension. This study shows the Spanish family models of preferences following the Pfau-Effinger (2004) classification of the famiy living arrangements. The reason for this study is twofold; on the one hand, there is confirmed the scarcity of studies that have focused their attention on this objective in Spain; on the other hand, the studies carried out in the international context have confirmed the analytical effectiveness of researching on the attitude and value changes to explain the meaning and trends of the family changes. There is also presented some preliminary results that have been obtained from the multinomial analysis related to the influence of the socio-demographic factors on the family model chosen by the individuals in Spain (father and mother working full time; mother part-time father full-time; mother not at work father full-time; mother and father part-time). 3 The database used has been the International Social Survey Programme: Family and Changing Gender Roles IV- ISSP 2012-. Spain is the only country of South Europe that has participated in the survey. For this reason it has been considered as a representative case study.

Migration and diversity policies. Moroccans in Spain

curso 'Mediterranean migration mosaic'. Dickinson College, Pennsylvania, EE.UU. Málaga, 14 de marzo, 2013.

La documentación de archivo como fuente principal para el estudio del teatro independiente durante la Transición en Andalucía

El teatro independiente tuvo una gran relevancia como elemento de cambio durante la Transición política en España. Sin embargo, se trata de un movimiento sociocultural poco estudiado. De las carencias observadas durante el desarrollo de este trabajo de investigación nace el objetivo principal de este estudio: localizar y describir los fondos documentales que generaron las compañías teatrales independientes en Andalucía durante la Transición. Para abordar este objetivo se han consultado los principales archivos públicos de ámbito nacional; y en Andalucía los archivos autonómicos, provinciales, municipales y de instituciones universitarias y especializadas. Los resultados de este proyecto permitirán que se investigue sobre un campo de conocimiento prácticamente inexplorado y con el matiz que aportan las fuentes documentales escritas. También, con este trabajo, tratamos de poner de relevancia la importancia que supone para el conocimiento de nuestra historia la conservación, la sistematización y la difusión de su patrimonio documental cultural.