Análisis de la neurogénesis cortical en el desarrollo cerebral de ratones carentes del receptor de ácido lisofosfatídico LPA1

El ácido lisofosfatídico (LPA) es un fosfolípido sencillo con propiedades de señalización extracelular mediadas por receptores de membrana específicos acoplados a proteínas G. Actualmente se conocen hasta 6 tipos de receptores diferentes para el LPA. El receptor LPA1 se expresa en la zona neurogénica del cerebro en desarrollo, en la zona ventricular (VZ), lo que sugiere su implicación en la neurogénesis. A pesar de los numerosos estudios farmacológicos que han aportado datos de los efectos del LPA en el sistema nervioso central (SNC) utilizando modelos in vitro, no es sino hasta que se dispuso de animales carentes del receptor, cuando se avanzó en el estudio de la función específica del receptor. Los primeros ratones obtenidos que permitían el estudio de pérdida de función del receptor LPA1 mostraron una alta mortalidad perinatal pero abrían una puerta excelente a nuevos estudios de caracterización del SNC en ausencia de vías específicas de señalización por LPA. En el presente trabajo se muestran resultados que demuestran una función destacada del receptor LPA1 en los precursores neuronales corticales durante el desarrollo cerebral, resultantes del análisis de la neurogénesis en una variante, que hemos venido a denominar Málaga, de un ratón nulo para-LPA1. Esta variante surge de forma espontánea durante la expansión de la colonia original y porta un fenotipo con defectos observables en el SNC, a la vez que muestra una viabilidad perinatal casi completa, lo que ha permitido su caracterización. Nuestros resultados muestran alteraciones significativas en la neurogénesis cortical embrionaria, en el patrón proliferativo de la zona ventricular, afectando al tipo de división y la posterior diferenciación, con expresión de marcadores neuronales de forma prematura en la capa cortical y alteración de la expresión de factores de transcripción. Estos defectos de la neurogénesis en ausencia de la vía de señalización por LPA1 se asocian con defectos en el patrón migratorio neuronal, indicativos de alteraciones de tipo estructural y funcional, y que generan, en última instancia, una reducción del grosor de la pared cortical y del número de neuronas en diferentes capas corticales, especialmente las profundas donde se detecta, además, un nivel inusualmente mayor de apoptosis. Los resultados que mostramos en esta memoria reflejan, con ello, la necesidad del receptor LPA1 para el desarrollo normal cerebral y acentúan el importante papel que el modelo de animal nulo para LPA1 de la variedad Málaga ha representado para el estudio de la señalización mediada por este receptor. A la fecha actual, el uso de este ratón ha permitido un avance muy significativo en el campo y sigue siendo objeto de estudio por nuestro grupo de investigación y por diferentes colaboradores a nivel nacional e internacional.

Galanin interacts with Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus through GALR2/NPYY1R heterodimers

We have shown Galanin(GAL) and Neuropeptide Y Y1(NPYY1) interactions at behavioural, cellular and receptor levels through GALR2/NPYY1R heterodimers in the amygdala. The aim of this work was to analyze GAL/NPYY1R interactions in the Dentate Gyrus(DG) of the Hippocampus, using autoradiographic, in situ hybridization and in situ proximity ligation assay(PLA). Rats(n=6) were sacrificed 15 minutes or 5 hours after icv injections of GAL(3nmol) and DG sections were incubated with NPYY1R agonist [I125]-[Leu31,Pro34]PYY(25 pM) or NPYY1R-33PdATP specific probe, for autoradiography and in situ hybridization respectively. Autoradiograms were analyzed using NIH image analysis system and Student’s unpaired t-test was used. For PLA, DG sections were incubated with anti-GALR2 Rabbit(1:100) and anti-NPYY1R Goat(1:200). PLA signals were detected with PLA PLUS or MINUS probes for rabbit or goat/mouse antibodies. PLA signals were visualized by using a confocal microscope Leica TCS-SL confocal microscope(Leica). We observed that GAL significant increased the NPYY1R agonist [I125]-[Leu31,Pro34]PYY binding in the DG by 20% (p<0,05) and the NPYY1R mRNA expression in the granular layer of DG by 31% (p<0,001). Moreover, PLA-positive red clusters were found specifically in the polymorphic layer and subgranular zone of the DG. No PLA clusters were observed neither in the molecular layer of the DG nor in the corpus callosum, an area that seems to lack of GALR2 receptor. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism of interaction between GAL and NPY1R in the DG at receptor level, probably involving the formation of GALR2/NPYY1R heteroreceptor complexes. Study supported by Junta de Andalucia CVI6476.

Implication of GluR2 subunit of AMPA receptor in RGS14(414)-mediated memory enhancement

Ongoing quest for finding treatment against memory loss seen in aging and in many neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, so far has been unsuccessful and memory enhancers are seen as a potential remedy against this brain dysfunction. Recently, we showed that gene corresponding to a protein called regulator of G-protein signaling 14 of 414 amino acids (RGS14414) is a robust memory enhancer (Lopez-Aranda et al. 2009: Science). RGS14414-treatment in area V2 of visual cortex caused memory enhancement to such extent that it converted short-term object recognition memory (ORM) of 45min into long lasting long-term memory that could be traced even after many months. Now, through targeting of multiple receptors and molecules known to be involved in memory processing, we found that GluR2 subunit of AMPA receptor might be key to memory enhancement in RGS-animals. RGS14-animals showed a progressive increase in GluR2 protein expression while processing an object information which reached to highest level after 60min of object exposure, a time period required for conversion of short-term ORM into long-term memory in our laboratory set up. Normal rats could retain an object information in brain for 45min (short-term) and not for 60min. However, RGS-treated rats are able to retain the same information for 24h or longer (long-term). Therefore, highest expression of GluR2 subunit seen at 60min suggests that this protein might be key in memory enhancement and conversion to long-term memory in RGS-animals. In addition, we will also discuss the implication of Hebbian plasticity and interaction of brain circuits in memory enhancement.

Absence of LPA1 receptor results in altered pattern of limbic activation after tail suspension test

Stress serves as an adaptive mechanism and helps organisms to cope with life-threatening situations. However, individual vulnerability to stress and dysregulation of this system may precipitate stress-related disorders such as depression. The neurobiological circuitry in charge of dealing with stressors has been widely studied in animal models. Recently our group has demonstrated a role for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) through the LPA1 receptor in vulnerability to stress, in particular the lack of this receptor relates to robust decrease of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and induction of anxious and depressive states. Nevertheless, the specific abnormalities in the limbic circuit in reaction to stress remains unclear. The aim of this study is to examine the differences in the brain activation pattern in the presence or absence of LPA1 receptor after acute stress. For this purpose, we have studied the response of maLPA1-null male mice and normal wild type mice to an intense stressor: Tail Suspension Test. Activation induced by behaviour of brain regions involved in mood regulation was analysed by stereological quantification of c-Fos immunoreactive positive cells. We also conducted multidimensional scaling analysis in order to unravel coativation between structures. Our results revealed hyperactivity of stress-related structures such as amygdala and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the knockout model and different patterns of coactivation in both genotypes using a multidimensional map. This data provides further evidence to the engagement of the LPA1 receptors in stress regulation and sheds light on different neural pathways under normal and vulnerability conditions that can lead to mood disorders.

Galanin N-Terminal fragment (1-15) enhances the antidepressant effects of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT in the Forced Swimming Test.

Galanin and Galanin (1-15) [GAL(1-15)] are implicated in anxiety- and depression related behaviors. Moreover, Galanin modulates 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR) function at autorreceptor and postsynaptic level in the brain. In this study, we have analysed the ability of GAL(1-15) to modulate the effects of the 8-OH-DPAT agonist in the Forced Swimming Test (FST). Groups of rats were assessed in the FST. In the first set of experiments, to evaluate the interactions of 8-OH-DPAT and GAL(1-15), rats received subcutaneously (s.c) the effective doses of 8-OH-DPAT (0.25mg/Kg) 60min before the test and intracerebroventricularly (icv) GAL(1-15)1nmol 15min before the tests alone or in combination. In the second set of experiments, groups of rats received s.c. 8-OH-DPAT (0.125mg/Kg), icv GAL(1-15) 1nmol and icv the GALR2 antagonist M871 3 nmol alone or in combination. The locomotor activity was analysed in the open field test. GAL(1-15) 1nmol enhanced the antidepressant-like effects mediated by the effective dose of the 8-OH-DPAT. GAL(1-15) significantly decreased the immobility (p<0.05) and climbing (p<0.05) and increased the swimming (p<0.01) behaviour induced by an effective dose of 8-OH-DPAT (0.25mg/Kg) in FST. Moreover, after coadministration of GAL(1-15) and threshold dose of 8-OH-DPAT (0.125mg/Kg) a significant decreased appeared in immobility (p<0.01) and climbing (p<0.01) and increased the swimming behavior (p<0.001) vs 8-OH-DPAT group. Moreover, M871 blocked completely this interaction. These results indicate that GAL(1-15) enhances the antidepressant effects induced by 8-OH-DPAT in the FST. These findings may give the basis for the development of novel therapeutic drugs. This study was supported by Junta de Andalucía CVI6476.

Deconstruyendo el papel de emisor/receptor en el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje. Posibilidades y experiencias en educación secundaria y educación superior de la introducción del «aula invertida» («flipped classroom»)

La experiencia que presentamos se ha desarrollado en una asignatura impartida en tres especialidades del Máster en Profesorado que forman para la docencia en diferentes etapas educativas: Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, Bachillerato y Formación Profesional. El propósito inicial que nos marcamos al introducir la metodología flipped classroom era responder a una serie de problemas que hacen aflorar importantes obstáculos en el desarrollo de competencias docentes: 1. Resistencia, por parte de nuestro alumnado, a dar relevancia a la formación recibida por la escasa cientificidad que le atribuye al conjunto de las Ciencias de la Educación y, en concreto, a la Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales. 2. Limitada disposición de tiempo para introducirse y conocer un amplio cuerpo de teorías psicopedagógicas para la innovación docente e investigación educativa. Objetivos. El diseño de la inversión se realizó con el fin de superar los obstáculos descritos, crear ambientes estimulantes y propiciar ritmos de aprendizaje diversos, además de promover: 1. El aprendizaje individual y colaborativo de pedagogías para la innovación, con un marco teórico claro y experiencias prácticas que validan su aplicabilidad. 2. El desarrollo de competencias en el futuro profesorado, a través de la asunción del rol docente mediante el diseño e investigación de su propia práctica. Método. La investigación se ha desarrollado a partir de la aplicación de métodos cualitativos (debates, grupos de discusión y entrevistas), acordes con el modelo formativo reflexivo que se fundamenta en el socio-constructivismo y la pedagogía crítica. Resultados. Los resultados alcanzados han sido dispares y nos animan a profundizar en la investigación sobre la puesta en práctica del método de las flipped classroom para deconstruir representaciones tradicionales de la profesión docente. Conclusiones. Consideramos necesario explorar cómo podemos profundizar en la superación de la incredulidad e inseguridades que genera en nuestro alumnado la metodología: con una mayor adecuación del material seleccionado, mayor uso de las TIC, mejora del diseño de las tareas de aula.

Galanin n-terminal gragment (1-15) modifies the 5-HT1A receptor against [H3]-8-OH-DPAT binding in the dorsal raphe and hippocampus of the rat

We have described that Galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) [GAL(1-15)] is associated with depressive effects and also modulates the antidepressant effects induced by the 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR) agonist 8-OH-DPAT. The aim of this study is to analyze the ability of GAL(1-15) to modulate 5-HT1AR at the autoreceptor and postsynaptic receptor level in rats by using quantitative autoradiography. We analyzed the effect of intracerebroventricular GAL(1-15)-3nmol (n=6) or aCSF (n=6), 10 minutes, 2 and 5 hours after the injection, on the binding characteristics of the 5-HT1AR agonist [H3]-8-OH-DPAT in sections of the Dorsal Raphe (DR) and Dorsal Hippocampus, specifically CA1 and Dentate Gyrus (DG). Student’s t-test was used to compare the experimental groups. GAL(1-15) produced a time-dependent effect on the binding of [H3]-8-OH-DPAT. In CA1 and DG, a significant increase in the KD and Bmax was observed, by 90%(p<0.05), at 10 minutes and 2 hours after injection. However, 5 hours after GAL(1-15) the only significant change remaining was the increase in Bmax at the DG. The coinjection of the GALR2 antagonist M871 blocked significantly the effects induced by GAL(1-15) in both areas. In DR, 2 hours after injection GAL(1-15) only produced a decrease in the Bmax by 20%(p<0.05). These results indicate that GAL(1-15) interacts with 5-HT1AR at the receptor level in DR and Dorsal Hippocampus. Therapeutic strategies based on these results could be developed for the treatment of depression disorders. This work has been supported by Junta de Andalucia CVI646 and Spanish Ministry of Economy PSI2013-44901-P.