The evolution of the occupational status in Spain: An intergenerational approach

The relationship between the socio-economic status of parents and children is referred by the literature as intergenerational social mobility. The scope of this mobility encompasses different aspects such as educational attainment, income, wealth, prestige and occupational status. In particular, intergenerational occupational mobility is an interesting topic in the economic literature because it is positively associated with the economic achievement and the professional success. Low mobility implies that human capital, skills and talent can be misallocated. As a consequence, the workers’ efforts, their motivation and productivity could be negatively affected, which would have adverse effects on the economy growth and its competitiveness. This paper attempts to carry out the study of the evolution of intergenerational social mobility in Spain during the 21st century. The methodology applied involves to associate the National Classification of Occupations (CNO-94) with the New International Socio-economic Index of Occupational Status (ISEI-08), in order to establish a socio-economic hierarchy. Afterwards, once the occupational ranking is defined, we use statistic and econometric methods to assess the occupational transitions between fathers and children and to analyse the covariates’ effects on these transitions, including as explanatory variable the children’s educational attainment. Data used corresponds to the 2005 and 2011 Living Condition Survey (INE, 2005, 2011). The results of the study are displayed by distinguishing children according to their birth cohort.

Job satisfaction among primary school personnel in Madagascar

This article analyzes the job satisfaction of primary school teachers in Madagascar. Based on the estimation of multilevel models, low wages and problems getting paid, job insecurity, lack of in-service training, high pupil-teacher ratios, and lack of basic infrastructure and teaching materials are identified as the main reasons for dissatisfaction. Principals’ control of teachers’ activities also adversely affects satisfaction, suggesting that, in Malagasy schools, neither school directors nor teachers have succeeded in adopting organizational cultures based on cooperation among their members. These results are likely to stimulate debates on educational policy, both in Madagascar and in many other developing countries.

On the optimaL response of q-vortex

Wingtip vortices represent a hazard for the stability of the following airplane in airport highways. These flows have been usually modeled as swirling jets/wakes, which are known to be highly unstable and susceptible to breakdown at high Reynolds numbers for certain flow conditions, but different to the ones present in real flying airplanes. A very recent study based on Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) shows that a large variety of helical responses can be excited and amplified when a harmonic inlet forcing is imposed. In this work, the optimal response of q-vortex (both axial vorticity and axial velocity can be modeled by a Gaussian profile) is studied by considering the time-harmonically forced problem with a certain frequency ω. We first reproduce Guo and Sun’s results for the Lamb-Oseen vortex (no axial flow) to validate our numerical code. In the axisymmetric case m = 0, the system response is the largest when the input frequency is null. The axial flow has a weak influence in the response for any axial velocity intensity. We also consider helical perturbations |m| = 1. These perturbations are excited through a resonance mechanism at moderate and large wavelengths as it is shown in Figure 1. In addition, Figure 2 shows that the frequency at which the optimal gain is obtained is not a continuous function of the axial wavenumber k. At smaller wavelengths, large response is excited by steady forcing. Regarding the axial flow, the unstable response is the largest when the axial velocity intensity, 1/q, is near to zero. For perturbations with higher azimuthal wavenumbers |m| > 1, the magnitudes of the response are smaller than those for helical modes. In order to establish an alternative validation, DNS has been carried out by using a pseudospectral Fourier formulation finding a very good agreement.

Ammonia effects on proton conductivity properties of coordination polymers

Crystalline metal phosphonates are referred to as a type of structurally versatile coordination polymers [1]. Many of them contain guest molecules (H2O, heterocyclics, etc.), acidic sites and, furthermore, their structure can be also amenable for post‐synthesis modifications in order to enhance desired properties [2]. In the present work, we examine the relationships between crystal structure and proton conductivity for several metal phosphonates derive from multifunctional ligands, such as 5-(dihydroxyphosphoryl)isophthalic acid (PiPhtA) [3] and 2-hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid (H3HPAA). Crystalline divalent metal derivatives show a great structural diversity, from 1D to 3D open-frameworks, possessing hydrogen-bonded water molecules and acid groups. These solids present a proton conductivity range between 7.2·10-6 and 1.3·10−3 S·cm-1. Upon exposure to ammonia vapor, from an aqueous solution, solid state transformations are observed accompanied of enhance proton conductivities. The stability of these solids under different environment conditions (temperature and relative humidities) as well as the influence of the ammonia adsorption on the proton conduction properties of the resulting solids will be discussed.

Tendencias en la variación del español en España. La formación de una variedad coinética centro-meridional

En este trabajo se aborda el problema de la formación de una variedad regional intermedia entre el español centroseptentrional (Madrid) y las variedades meridionales innovadoras (Sevilla). Esta nueva variedad en formación, que se ha ido gestando en los centros urbanos de Andalucía Oriental (Málaga, Granada) y tiende a extenderse a áreas urbanas occidentales también, es una especie de coiné de rasgos de pronunciación centrales y meridionales que mezcla rasgos fonológicos innovadores no marcados con rasgos del estándar (Villena 2008; Hernández Campoy y Villena Ponsoda 2009). Se presentan datos y resultados surgidos en el marco del Proyecto sobre los Patrones Sociolingüísticos del Español de España (PASOS), en el marco del Proyecto internacional PRESEEA sobre las variedades urbanas del español de España y América. El proyecto PASOS estudia la convergencia y divergencia entre dialectos conservadores centrales e innovadores meridionales de España y compara datos de áreas urbanas centrales (Madrid, Alcalá de Henares, Valencia) y meridionales (Granada, Málaga, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria). El objetivo consiste en determinar: (1) si las diferencias entre las variedades en contacto se mantienen en la variedad coinética como diferencias graduales basadas en la frecuencia o si existen discontinuidades (conflict sites); (2) si se adoptan rasgos socialmente prominentes aunque se trate de rasgos fonológicamente marcados; (3) qué ocurre con los rasgos dialectales no marcados; (4) qué papel desempeñan la morfología y el léxico. Los resultados muestran la existencia de un continuo con solo algunas discontinuidades, en el que la nueva variedad acepta los rasgos prestigiosos marcados y los combina con rasgos no marcados de bajo prestigio social (Villena y Vida 2015). Lo más interesante de la nueva situación sociolingüística es que muestra un continuo centro-meridional de rasgos con una especie de convergencia «invertida» entre las variedades de las capas bajas del área central y las capas medioaltas de las áreas andaluzas, con especial mención de las ciudades orientales. Todas estas variedades parecen compartir las mismas constricciones sobre las variables pero se mueven a distinta velocidad. En este trabajo se atiende, en particular, a la variación fonológica y se comparan resultados de análisis sobre la escisión fonemática de las obstruyentes coronales y la detención de los cambios en cadena típicos del español andaluz, así como sobre un conjunto de cambios erosivos no marcados, como la elisión de /s/ distensiva y /d/ intervocálica.