Produção de biomassa e exportação de nutrientes de Eucalyptus grandis e E. urophylla

Scientific research in forest production technology area search techniques that increase production per unit area, with high economic viability and reducing environmental impacts. When dealing with forest plantations, studies are needed in the production of biomass and its nutrient content, and these are data parameters for planning the environmental implications of different intensities of forest harvesting. Given the above, this study aimed to elucidate the production and export of biomass and nutrients for two species of the genus Eucalyptus (E. grandis and E. urophylla) grown in the southwestern region of Parana. For this, it was evaluated: the stock of biomass and nutrients in eucalyptus (wood, bark, branches and leaves) at 60 months of age; the export rate of nutrients; the calorific value and economic viability. The biomass and the largest eucalyptus nutrient stocks are predominantly allocated to the stem (wood + bark). The components of biomass showed different chemical compositions, generally being higher in the leaves and bark and lower in wood and branches components. As for the calorific value, the leaves had its calorific value statistically superior than the other fractions, followed by branches, wood and bark. The organic carbon content (C.O.) is directly connected to the calorific value, and the calorific value increases as its content increase. The wood had the highest nutrient use efficiency values, something highly desirable and of great interest to forestry. The leaves showed smaller nutrient utilization efficiency values, with the exception of Ca and Mg that were smaller in the bark, indicating the importance of maintaining these components in the soil after harvest. The wood fraction presents the biomass lower cost when considering the replacement of nutrients exported by its biomass. On the other hand, the leaf fraction showed NPK higher cost of replacement.

Alternativas de uso da borra de café através de hidrólise ácida, enzimática, ou como substrato para a produção das enzimas: lacase e celulase

In the industrial production of soluble coffee, huge amounts of extracted coffee residues are generated; onaverage, for eachtonne of green coffee extracted, 480 kg of coffee ground waste is produced. This is a solid residue currently used to generate energy at the steam boilers from the soluble coffee industry. Some is also used or as fertilizer on agriculture fields. Seeking a better end use, the work reported here aimed to study the viability of hydrolyzing the coffee ground residue for the production of carbohydrates. Hydrolysis was undertaken with hydrochloric acid at different temperatures and pressures, using a water bath or autoclave.An enzymatic hydrolysis with Viscozyme Lwas developed using Whatman filter paper No1 and the optimal conditions were determined using a rotational central composite experimental design (DCCR).The best conditions to hydrolyze filter paper cellulose were 50 FBG (Fungal β-glucanase) of Viscozyme L at pH 4.0 for 1.0 h and 45 ºC. The ground coffee was hydrolyzed under the same conditions as described above for filter paper, however this enzymatic hydrolysis was not efficient. A combination of enzymatic hydrolysis as a pre-treatment for the ground coffee followed by acid hydrolysis using HCl conducted in an autoclave (120 C for 2.0 h) resulted in higher production of glucose as analyzed by HPLC. Another end use of the ground coffee evaluated was as source of substrate in the culture medium to grow Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 to produce the enzymes laccase and cellulase. Highest enzyme titres obtained were with 8% (w/v) coffee grounds to which was added a minimum salts medium(Vogel), under agitation conditions (180 rpm) at 28ºC. The phenolic compounds present in the coffee grounds appear to have induced laccase by Botryosphaeria rhodina.

Associação de sistema biológico do tipo lodo ativado com reatores air lift e fotocatálise heterogênea com TiO2 para a remediação de efluente oriundo da produção industrial de TNT

Trinitrotoluene in the purification step (TNT) produced in industries, are carried out two washes at the end of the process. The first wash is done with vaporized water, which originates from the first effluent called yellow water, then the second washing with the use of sodium sulfite is performed (Na2SO3), generating a second effluent red water. This study aimed to study the individual effects, as well as the association of heterogeneous photocatalysis using TiO2 and biological treatment in air lift reactor using activated sludge (bacterial biomass) for the remediation of wastewater contaminated with nitroaromatic compounds in order to reduce toxicity and adjust the legal parameters according to regulatory agencies for disposal in waterways. The photocatalytic treatment was conducted by factorial design obtaining the best reaction conditions (pH 6.5 and concentration of TiO2 0.1 gL-1), with best results obtained at 360 minutes of reaction, reducing the absorbance 97.00%, 94.20% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), 67.70% of total phenols, as well as a total reduction of observed peaks and assigned to nitroaromatic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography. In the biological treatment, there was a 53.40% reduction in absorbance at 275 nm 10.00% 36.00% COD and total phenols in a short time (3 days), while for extended periods (48 days) there was an antagonistic influence on the results so that was the elevation of these parameters (COD and total phenols) instead of reducing. Chromatographic analysis confirmed the effectiveness of the biological degradation by reducing the peaks corresponding to compounds DNT and TNT. The Association of photocatalytic and biological treatments decreased results in the order of 91.10% absorbance, 70.26% of total phenols and 88.87% of COD. While the combination of biological and photocatalytic treatments generated relatively lower efficiencies, with 77.30% of absorbance reduction, 62.10% reduction of total phenols and a decrease of 87.00% of COD. In general, when comparing the chemical and biological processes in isolation, the photocatalytic treatment showed the best results. However, comparing the results of isolation and established associations, the association biological x photocatalysis showed more promising results in the treatment of red water effluent.