Efeito de agentes de controle sobre a qualidade reprodutiva de rainhas de Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) africanizadas

The agriculture with the use of products with less environmental impact is expanding. In it, the producers offer their products without the use of synthetic chemical inputs, solving the phytosanitary problems with the use of biological or alternative control agents such as parasites, predators, entomopathogenic, alternative products, plant extracts and essential oils. These products can be considered safe to non-target organisms, but studies are needed to find these features on natural enemies and on the beneficial insects such as bees, common frequenter of cultures. In this sense, this study aims to evaluate the effects of control over reproductive quality queens of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Africanized. For this, it tested the action of control products on the production of A. mellifera queens, using the commercial entomopathogenic fungus Boveril® 1,0x108 (Beauveria bassiana) and aqueous extract of pomegranate (Punica granatum) at a concentration of 5% sterile distilled water with Tween (0.01%) and sterile distilled water (controls). The treatments were incorporated into a tissue type gauze, wrapped in an acrylic plate and packed inside minirrecrias type colonies for the production of queens on the day before the transfer of larvae. The next day were introduced battens with 30 domes with larvae to produce queens, so the workers have contacted the agent tested. From the emergence of all the queens, they were monitored to determine the measures of body weight (mg), length and width of wing and abdomen, length, width and height of the chest (mm) as well as the time of emergence of queens. The next step was evaluated the influence of the control agents in production creates, performing measurements of creating areas in cm2 for six straight weeks. It was found that the area creates Queens did not differ among the treatments. Histological analysis of hipofaringeanas of workers glands that came into contact with the control agents and the midgut of virgin queens were also held. Histological analysis differences were observed in the tissues when the treatments were compared with the respective controls.

Novas tecnologias para o controle da giberela do trigo na safra 2014 no sudoeste do Paraná

The work consists in wheat production system and the evolution of damage caused by wheat scab. The study considers the lack of resistant cultivars to the disease, the low efficiency of chemical control and the presence of mycotoxins in grains. The study aimed to confirm the effectiveness of fungicides prothioconazole and metconazole; prove the bar deposition efficiency with nozzles directed jets the side of the ear resulting in full coverage of trapped anthers; prove the viability of using a warning system (application after the start of flowering before the onset of rains provided for future 24-48 hours and try to improve the efficiency in controlling scab. The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Technological University Federal do Paraná in the city of Pato Branco, Paraná, conducted in two seasons, the first established on May 6, 2014 and the second on 21 May 2014. It was used to cultivate Amethyst field of OR Improvement seeds, . Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul Treatments consisted of a control without fungicide application and one and two applications of prothioconazole + 17.5% trifloxystrobin (Fox) 500 ml / ha; metconazole 8.0% + pyraclostrobin 13% ( Opera Ultra) 750 mL / ha In the evaluation, second season, metconazole + pyraclostrobin with two application statistically was the treatment that showed a lower incidence in spikes reducing from 100 to 63.3%;. metconazole + pyraclostrobin performed better also in reducing the incidence of spikelets, 80.3% to 34.7%; the control ears had better results in the second season with two applications of metconazole + pyraclostrobin; in spikelets, in his first season, metconazole + pyraclostrobin with two application resulted in better control with 67%; with two applications of metconazole + pyraclostrobin gave the highest yield even under climatic conditions favorable to disease; metconazole + pyraclostrobin in both seasons showed superior efficiency in controlling FHB giving greater weight gain; with two application of both fungicides, the hectoliter weight was 81 and 79, respectively, each fungicide; the application of fungicides was made in advance of expected rain, occurring seven days of rain and a total volume of 85,2mm the first time, and 16 days of rain and an accumulation of 400 mm in the second period; the test efficiency can be confirmed when the direction of the spray jets launched wings coupled in double nozzle bodies perpendicular to the target upright reaches the sides of the spike. The metconazole + pyraclostrobin proved the most effective fungicide against the prothioconazole + trifloxystrobin in wheat scab control in the 2014 harvest.

Controle de uma microrrede ilhada baseada em geração eólica-diesel com alto nível de inserção de geração eólica

The insertion of distributed generation units in the electric power systems have contributed to the popularization of microgrid concepts. With the microgrids, several potential benefits can be achieved in regard to power quality and supply reliability. However, several technical challenges related to the control and operation of microgrids, which are associated with high insertion of generation systems based on static converters, must be overcame. Among the opportunities in the context of microgrids, there is the islanded operation of microgrids temporarily disconnected from the electric power systems and also the autonomous operation of geographically isolated microgrids. The frequency in large power systems is traditionally controlled by the generation units based on traditional synchronous generator. The insertion of distributed generation units based on static power converters may bring difficulties to the frequency control in microgrids, due to the reduction of the equivalent inertia of conventional synchronous generators present in islanded and isolated microgrids. In this context, it becomes necessary the proposition of new operational and control strategies for microgrids control, taking into account the presence of distributed generation units based on full-rated converter. This paper proposes an operational and control strategy for the islanded operation of a winddiesel microgrid with high insertion level of wind generation. The microgrid adopted in this study comprises of a wind energy conversion system with synchronous generator based on full rated converter, a diesel generator (DIG) and a dump load. Due to the high insertion level of wind generation, the wind unit operates in Vf mode and the diesel generator operates in PQ mode. The diesel generator and the dump load are used to regulate the DC-link voltage of the wind generation unit. The proposed control allows the islanded operation of the microgrid only with wind generation, wind-only mode (WO), and with wind-diesel generation, wind-diesel mode (WD). For the wind-only mode, with 100% of penetration level of wind generation, it is proposed a DC-link voltage control loop based on the use of a DC dump load. For the winddiesel mode, it is proposed a DC-link voltage control loop added to the diesel generator, which is connected to the AC side of the microgrid, in coordinated action with the dump load. The proposed operational and control strategy does not require the use of batteries and aims to maximize the energy production from wind generation, ensuring the uninterrupted operation of the microgrid. The results have showed that the operational and control strategy allowed the stable operation of the islanded microgrid and that the DC-link voltage control loop added to the diesel generator and the dump load proved to be effective during the typical variations of wind speed and load.