Chorume de suíno no controle da rizoctoniose em beterraba

The fungus Rhizoctonia solani is a soil borne pathogen that causes damage to various crops. The chemical control, when managed incorrectly, can be harmful to the environment, which makes the study of alternative control important. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of different doses of Liquid swine manure (LSM), with and without the retention of gases, at different soil pH levels, to control R. solani in beet. An inoculum of the fungus R. solani was on rice grains, which had been previously sterilised. The experiments were set up in a greenhouse in a completely randomised block design, arranged in a three-factor 2 x 2 x 5 scheme, comprising of soil pH levels (4.8 and 7.2) x with and without gas retention x LSM dose (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%), with four replications per treatment. To setup the experiments, 4 kg of soil of each pH level were packed separately into plastic bags. Subsequently, the soil of each bag was infested with 15 g of fungus inoculum/kg of soil, and moistened as necessary. After seven days of infestation of the soil with the pathogen the different doses of LSM were incorporated separately into the bags, the bags designated as the gas retention treatment were closed, while those designated as the gas release treatment were left open. After seven days, part of the soil from each bag was packed separately into 16 cells of 128 cell Styrofoam trays, which were then seeded with two beet seeds per cell. The other part of the soil was placed in 2 litre pots, to conduct the quantification of microbial activity, through the method of CO2 release, 21 days after the experiment was setup. Seedling emergence and damping-off evaluations were performed daily for 21 days consecutively. The data was submitted to analysis of variance, and when significant were submitted to regression analysis or Tukey at 5% probability of error. The experiments were repeated twice. According to the results obtained, there was a suppressive effect of LSM on R. solani. For the variable emergence, the 10% dose of LSM resulted in the largest number of emerging plants in the two soil pH levels studied, whether or not gas was retained. Seedling dampingoff decreased with increasing volumes of LSM incorporated into the soil. The soil with the pH level of 7.2 presented less seedling damping-off than the soil with a pH level of 4.8. The retention of gases provided greater control of R. solani in the higher LSM doses and in soil with a pH level of 7.2. Also noted in this study that there was a significant increase in microbial activity with increasing doses of LSM when applied to soil with pH levels of 4.8 and 7.2. Based on these results, it was concluded that the 10% dose of LSM provided the best control of R. solani without harming seedling emergence.

Quitosana na indução de resistência ao tombamento de plântulas de espécies olerícolas e no controle de fitopatógenos in vitro

Induction of resistance is defined as the activation of a state of resistance against diseases which is induced systemically in plants by the use of biotic or abiotic agents without any modification of the plant genome, occurring non-specific way, by activating genes coding for various plant defense responses. Chitosan is a polymer derived from the deacetylation of chitin, which is found in large quantities in crustacean shell, and studied with the potential to control plant pathogens, both by its direct fungistatic action, as the ability to induce protection of plants, indicating the presence of molecules of elicitoras characteristics. Three experiments with objective of evaluating the potential of chitosan in the seedling resistance induction were developed, beet (Beta vulgaris) seeds, cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seeds and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seeds, and the control of Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani K¨uhn e Pythium sp. in vitro conditions. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. Beet seeds, tomato and cucumber were submerged in chitosan solution for 20 minutes, in concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2% in the control and distilled water. Seeds were sown in trays containing Plantmax Florestalr substrate sterilized and inoculated with Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani K¨unh and Pythium sp., respectively for the three cultures. The experiment was conducted for 14 days in growth chamber with controlled temperature (25 C 2 C), light (12 hour photoperiod) and humidity (70% 10%). The evaluations were seed emergency, seedling damping-off, seedling length, fresh weight and activity of the enzymes phenylalanine amˆonia-liase (PAL), chitinase and b-1,3-glucanase. It was also rated the mycelial growth of Fusarium sp., Pythium sp. and R. solani on P.D.A. (Potato-Dextrose and Agar) culture medium containing chitosan at the same concentrations evaluated in seeds. For beet growing, seed treatment with chitosan presented higher emergence and the length of the seedlings, and reduced the percentage of tipping. Treatment with chitosan activated the systemic acquired resistance with expression of chitinase and b-1,3-glucanase enzymes. For the tomato crop in chitosan concentration of 0.25% favored the emergency of seedlings, reduced the incidence of tipping and activated the PAL enzymes, chitinase and b-1,3-glucanase. In cucumber on the concentration of up 0.5% favored seedlings emergence and reduces the incidence of tipping. Chitosan activated the PAL enzymes and b-1,3-glucanase. Chitosan also presented fungistatic action on the initial growth of Pythium sp. and R. solani in vitro conditions, however, such action did not prevail until the end of the experiment. To Fusarium sp. the concentration of chitosan resulted in the reduction of mycelial growth in vitro.

Potencial do óleo de Aloysia citriodora Palau no controle de fitopatógenos e na indução de resistência ao tombamento de plântulas de feijão, pepino e beterraba

The crops are affected by pests and diseases that decrease productivity. Among them are the damping off of seedlings that can occur in pre and post-emergence. In bean crops, cucumber and beet these diseases occur, being caused by various pathogens, especialy fitopathogenic fungi. Several measures are used for the controle of such diseases, among them, is the chemical seed treatment fungicides. However, society has become increasingly concerned about the quality and food and environmental contamination, generation a growting search for sensitive products to humans and the environment. The use of essential oils to control plant pathogens is an example of alternative tested by science in the search for less aggressive technologies. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the use of essential oil Aloysia citriodora, in control of pathogens causing damping off in beans, cucumber and beet. This thesis was divided in four chapters, the introductory first, and the other addressing the control of Pythium sp. in beans, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on cucumber, and Fusarium sp. on beet. The methodology consisted of four experiments in each pathosystem, with all the work done at the Federal Technological University of Parana, Campus Dois Vizinhos. In the first experiment evaluated the fungistatic and fungicidal effect of the essential oil of A. citriodora on PDA in vitro in mycelial growth of pathogens studied. In the second experiment evaluated the in vitro effect of essential oil concentrations of A. citriodora in BD medium on microscope slides, on the germination of sporangia Pythium sp. and conidia Fusarium sp., and in Petri dishes with PDA medium, the sclerotia germination speed index of S. sclerotiorum. In the third experiment, we evaluated in germination test in paper roll (PR), the phytotoxic effect or not the use of essential oil concentrations of A. citriodora in dry bean seed, cucumber and beet. The variables used to assess this experiment were the germination percentage, mediun green mass per plant and average length of seedlings. In the fourth experiment we assessed the effect of treating bean seeds, cucumber and beet with essential oil contents of A. citriodora, seeds in their subsequent substrates contamined with pathogens studied, Pythium sp., S. sclerotiorum and Fusarium sp. In this experiment we used the following variables: percentage of emergence, percentage of post-emergence damping off, green average mass per plant, average length per plant and biochemical analyzes. The biochemistry of plant tissues evaluated were as follows: protein content, enzymatic activities of peroxidases, phenylalanine ammonia-liase (PAL), chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases. The in vitro results show that the essential oil has fungistatic and fungicidal effect on mycelial growth, on sporangia germination, conidia and sclerotia of the pathogens studied in this work, wich may be related to its major components, citral and limonene. The oil also exhibits low phytotoxicity to seeds of the species studied, only in beans decreases germination in most studied dosage (0,25%), cucumber also in the higher dosage (0,25%) reduce the length of seedlings, and beet there were no negative effects to the seedlings. In the test in substrate contaminated with the pathogens, the use of essential oil: increased germination and decreased post emergence damping off of beans seedlings; at a concentration of 0,0625% decreases post emergence damping off in cucumber. In biochemical analyzes found an increase in the enzymatic activity of peroxidases and β-1,3-glucanases on beans, and glucanases on cucumber, and increased enzyme activity of peroxidases on beet, showing action in resistance induction at damping off.

Potencial fisiológico de sementes de soja enriquecidas com molibdênio no armazenamento e sua influência na atividade de enzimas do metabolismo do nitrogênio

Molybdenum is one of the essential micronutrients for soybeans, acting directly on nitrogen metabolism as enzyme cofactor of nitrogenase. Usually, this nutrient is supplied to the plants through seed treatment or foliar application. The aim of this study was to evaluate the molybdenum effects by foliar in the physiological potential of soybean seeds and verify its interference in the enzyme activities involved in nitrogen metabolism. Soybean seeds of BMX Turbo cultivar were used, produced in Erechim, RS, harvest 2013, from plants treated with the following Mo concentrations: 0; 25; 50 and 75 g ha-1, supplied through two commercial products (Biomol and Molybdate) and stored during 0 and 6 months in uncontrolled conditions. The first experiment was conducted in Seedtes Seed Analysis Laboratory in Pato Branco, PR. The used design was completely randomized in a factorial analysis 4 x 2 x 2 with four replications each. The physiological potential of the seeds was evaluated by the germination test, seedling growth, accelerated aging and emergence on the soil. The second experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, where the seeds derived from treatments with different concentrations of Mo: 0; 25; 50 and 75 g ha-1 supplied through two commercial products (Biomol and Molybdate) were grown in vases. The used design was completely randomized in a factorial analysis 4 x 2 with four replications. Evaluations were performed when the plants reached the R1 phenological stage concerning the nodulation, dry matter of root and shoot of the plants and the determination of the activity of the enzymes glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthetase and the content of total soluble proteins. The data were submitted to variance analysis and when significant they were assessed by Tukey’s test for comparison of products and seed storage and with regression study to the concentrations at 5% probability. Analyses were performed using SISVAR statistical software. The soybean seed storage under uncontrolled conditions affected the seed vigour produced with Mo, regardless of the commercial product used during production. The application of Mo through foliar positively influences the production of soya beans which presented increasing responses in the germination and vigour with the application of Mo above 25 g ha-1 . The enrichment of Mo through foliar did not affect the nodulation of plants of the next generation, however, the use of Mo above 25 g ha-1 provided an increase in the activity of enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism as well as on the total protein content.

Uso de indicadores bioquímicos na qualidade fisiológica de sementes florestais

The scientific research in seed technology is based on techniques that aim the reduction of costs and time, standardization, improvement and establishment of analytical methods while maintaining a high level of reliability of the results. This study sought to elucidate the reliability of electrical conductivity and pH of the exudate compared to the classic germination test, which was developed in two separate studies, however interrelated with each other, as to their final goals. The experimental material of this study consisted of seeds of the species Aspidosperma parvifolium (guatambu), Aspidosperma polyneuron (peroba-rosa), Cabralea canjerana (canjerana), Cariniana legalis (jequitibá), Gallesia integrifolia (pau-d'alho), Handroanthus chrysotrichus (ipê-amarelo), Lonchocarpus campestris (rabo-de-bugio) and Pterogyne nitens (amendoim-do-campo). The physiological quality of the studied seed species was evaluated through the electrical conductivity and pH test of the exudate by mass and individual methods being compared and correlated with the results obtained in the germination test. In addition to the tested methods, imbibition periods of the seeds were evaluated for conductivity and pH, which corresponded to 2, 4, 6, 8, 24 and 48 hours. The electrical conductivity test was efficient in both of the used methods to evaluate the physiological quality of the studied seed species when compared to the standard germination test. The pH test of the exudate applied by the individual method was more efficient and thorough to evaluate the physiological quality of the studied seed species, than the mass method. For the species Gallesia integrifolia, Cariniana legalis and Lonchocarpus campestris the pH tests of the exudate tests were not efficient due to poor or absent correlation between germination and pH.

Indução de resistência e tratamento de sementes de soja com fosfitos de potássio

The use of inputs containing phosphites have been presenting results in many studies, taking on importance to the control of diseases in some cultures and demonstrating the resistance induction in seedlings, with ability to activate defense mechanisms, conferring protection to plants against microorganisms. The soybean crop is recognized for its importance in providing grains and derivatives for human consumption, animal, production of biofuels, pharmaceuticals, among others. Positive results obtained through studies based on resistance inducers in some cultures arouse the interest for further study. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of potassium phosphites on the resistance induction and treatment of soybean seeds. Therefore were conducted four laboratory studies at the Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campus of Dois Vizinhos. In the first study it was evaluated the quality attributes of the seeds and the resistance induction as seed treatment. Then it was verified that phosphites have action upon the seedlings metabolism in due to seed treatment, having the phosphite Reforce® contributed to seed quality attributes and phosphites FitofosK® and Fitofos K Plus® induced the resistance increasing the activity of β-1,3-glucanase. In the second study it was evaluated the the resistance induction in soybean cotyledons, in which the phosphites demonstrated induction potential of phytoalexin gliceolin. In the third study It was evaluated the soybean seed health treated with potassium phosphites.. it was observed that the phosphites reduced the incidence of many fungi on seeds, especially of storage fungi like Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium semitectum. In the fourth study it was evaluated the in vitro effect of potassium phosphites on pathogenic fungi of the culture. And it was found direct action of phosphites on the mycelial growth of Fusarium semitectum, Pythium sp. and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Based on these results, we concluded that potassium phosphites have potential in seeds treatment, as resistance inducer and on in vitro control of phytopathogens.

Desempenho de sementes de soja revestidas com biopolímeros

The use of biopolymers that help to fix pesticides efficiently and degrade easily without harming the environment, and still improve the physiological performance of field soybean seed may bring contributions to the soybean yield. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cassava starch polymers (AM), sodium alginate (ALG) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), in the concentrations 2, 4 and 6 g / 100 ml of solution, in the physiological attributes of seeds soy, seed speed soaking and performance of soybean seeds after three months of storage. The soybean variety used was the NK 7059 RR. The experimental design used for the three studies was a factorial with 48 experimental units: 3 polymers (AM, ALG and PVOH), 4 different concentrations (0%, 2%, 4% and 6%), with four replications, in a completely randomized design. It was observed the level of significance of the factors and their interactions, applying the test F. The polymers were evaluated by the Tukey test at 5% probability, and the concentrations were evaluated by polynomial regression. The witness obtained better results for most variables studied. Among the polymers, the best coating was observed PVOH because it was the less viscous polymer and visually not served as a substrate for microorganisms. However, also, satisfactory results were obtained for the AM and ALG polymers at a concentration of 2%. There was not interference of the polymers studied with regard to reduction of imbibition rate of soybean seeds. The hydrophilicity of polymers, mainly the AM and ALG accelerated soaking seeds harming germination at concentrations 4% and 6%. In general, the higher the concentration of polymers tended to worse results.

Desempenho de soja associado à posição do fertilizante e tamanho de sementes

The seed size used for seeding has caused doubts among soybean producers. The study aimed to determine whether there may be differences between seed size with respect to depth of fertilizer deposition. The field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Area UTFPR Campus Pato Branco, using a precision seeder for direct seeding. The design was a randomized blocks, with five repetitions. The treatments were composed by the combination of two seed sizes (large seed with 6,5 mm and 5,5 mm with small seed) and two fertilizer deposition depths in relation to the seed (fertilizer near the seed with about 3 cm away and fertilizer distant from the seeds with about 10 cm). Data were subjected to analysis of variance. When the test value F was significant at 5% probability was applied to the Duncan test for comparison of means. The shallower depth of fertilizer deposition provided larger number of pods per plant and increased number of grains per plant. Already the largest depth of fertilizer deposition provided greater plant height at 30 days after sowing and R2 stage, greater ground area mobilized, higher plant population in all periods, greater depth of deposition of seeds and a higher rate of emergency speed.