Controle de uma microrrede ilhada baseada em geração eólica-diesel com alto nível de inserção de geração eólica

The insertion of distributed generation units in the electric power systems have contributed to the popularization of microgrid concepts. With the microgrids, several potential benefits can be achieved in regard to power quality and supply reliability. However, several technical challenges related to the control and operation of microgrids, which are associated with high insertion of generation systems based on static converters, must be overcame. Among the opportunities in the context of microgrids, there is the islanded operation of microgrids temporarily disconnected from the electric power systems and also the autonomous operation of geographically isolated microgrids. The frequency in large power systems is traditionally controlled by the generation units based on traditional synchronous generator. The insertion of distributed generation units based on static power converters may bring difficulties to the frequency control in microgrids, due to the reduction of the equivalent inertia of conventional synchronous generators present in islanded and isolated microgrids. In this context, it becomes necessary the proposition of new operational and control strategies for microgrids control, taking into account the presence of distributed generation units based on full-rated converter. This paper proposes an operational and control strategy for the islanded operation of a winddiesel microgrid with high insertion level of wind generation. The microgrid adopted in this study comprises of a wind energy conversion system with synchronous generator based on full rated converter, a diesel generator (DIG) and a dump load. Due to the high insertion level of wind generation, the wind unit operates in Vf mode and the diesel generator operates in PQ mode. The diesel generator and the dump load are used to regulate the DC-link voltage of the wind generation unit. The proposed control allows the islanded operation of the microgrid only with wind generation, wind-only mode (WO), and with wind-diesel generation, wind-diesel mode (WD). For the wind-only mode, with 100% of penetration level of wind generation, it is proposed a DC-link voltage control loop based on the use of a DC dump load. For the winddiesel mode, it is proposed a DC-link voltage control loop added to the diesel generator, which is connected to the AC side of the microgrid, in coordinated action with the dump load. The proposed operational and control strategy does not require the use of batteries and aims to maximize the energy production from wind generation, ensuring the uninterrupted operation of the microgrid. The results have showed that the operational and control strategy allowed the stable operation of the islanded microgrid and that the DC-link voltage control loop added to the diesel generator and the dump load proved to be effective during the typical variations of wind speed and load.

Análise e proposição de estratégias de estimação e controle de velocidade para motores de indução trifásicos

This study presents a proposal of speed servomechanisms without the use of mechanical sensors (sensorless) using induction motors. A comparison is performed and propose techniques for pet rotor speed, analyzing performance in different conditions of speed and load. For the determination of control technique, initially, is performed an analysis of the technical literature of the main control and speed estimation used, with their characteristics and limitations. The proposed technique for servo sensorless speed induction motor uses indirect field-oriented control (IFOC), composed of four controllers of the proportional-integral type (PI): rotor flux controller, speed controller and current controllers in the direct and quadrature shaft. As the main focus of the work is in the speed control loop was implemented in Matlab the recursive least squares algorithm (RLS) for identification of mechanical parameters, such as moment of inertia and friction coefficient. Thus, the speed of outer loop controller gains can be self adjusted to compensate for any changes in the mechanical parameters. For speed estimation techniques are analyzed: MRAS by rotóricos fluxes MRAS by counter EMF, MRAS by instantaneous reactive power, slip, locked loop phase (PLL) and sliding mode. A proposition of estimation in sliding mode based on speed, which is performed a change in rotor flux observer structure is displayed. To evaluate the techniques are performed theoretical analyzes in Matlab simulation environment and experimental platform in electrical machinery drives. The DSP TMS320F28069 was used for experimental implementation of speed estimation techniques and check the performance of the same in a wide speed range, including load insertion. From this analysis is carried out to implement closed-loop control of sensorless speed IFOC structure. The results demonstrated the real possibility of replacing mechanical sensors for estimation techniques proposed and analyzed. Among these, the estimator based on PLL demonstrated the best performance in various conditions, while the technique based on sliding mode has good capacity estimation in steady state and robustness to parametric variations.

Avaliação de um sistema de resfriamento passivo para o clima de Curitiba

Direct evaporative cooling systems (DECS) based on sprinkling water indoors in the form of droplets and indirect evaporative cooling systems (IECS), characterized by the use of wetted roof or wall surfaces for cooling without increasing the indoor air moisture, consist of interesting bioclimatic strategies still not quite explored in Brazil. This study aims to evaluate the use of a particular form of IECS (which combines evaporative cooling and thermal mass brought about by a water reservoir) for indoor thermal control in warm conditions in Curitiba, Two test cells were initially built, monitored and compared to each other: a control module (CM) and an experimental module (EM), the latter provided with an evaporative pond. A subsequent configuration of the system which cancels out the evaporative function of the system and that is solely based on the increase of thermal mass, was tested in a second monitoring round. A third configuration of EM combinig evaporative cooling and the increase of termal mass was tested. Results showed a higher effectiveness of the IECS for the indoor cooling of the tested cells. The average temperature in EM was reduced in 2.5°C and the maximum temperature was reduced in 8.0°C in comparison with the CM. Results also showed a strong relation between the wet-bulb temperature depression and the internal temperature decrease achieved by the evaporative cooling strategy.