The History of Expansion of the Genus Bursaphelenchus (Nematoda: Aphelenchida: Parasitaphelenchidae)

Because of globalization and removal of geographical barriers, frequent biological invasions of introduced species become an urgent environmental problem. According to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), precise identification of dangerous aggressive species at the early stages of their invasion to new regions is the most important component of the environmental control and monitoring. To resist the potential environmental hazard, the precise data are required on the current distribution and history of expansion of pests that are of global economic importance.

Avaliação do potencial reprodutivo de touros através do exame andrológico

Este trabalho refere-se às atividades do estágio de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária, apresentando-se casuística no âmbito dos planos sanitários e atividade clínica acompanhados. Como tema para discussão optou-se pela avaliação de touros através do exame andrológico. Após revisão bibliográfica analisaram-se dados obtidos pela VetAl (2008- 2012) caracterizando a população dos touros de carne no Sul de Portugal. Dos 184 touros avaliados foram aprovados 72,28 %, aumentando a probabilidade de reprovação tendencialmente com idade. Em parâmetros reprodutivos importantes como perímetro testicular existe influência de: idade (p<0,001), raça (p<0,05) e Pontuação da Condição Corporal (PCC) (p<0,05). Encontraram-se correlações significativas entre parâmetros tais como perímetro testicular e idade (p<0,001; r=0,52), PCC e parâmetros seminais microscópicos (p<0,05) e dos vários parâmetros entre si. O exame andrológico é essencial para estimar o potencial reprodutivo dos touros e importa fomentar a sua realização em Portugal para melhorar os níveis de fertilidade e rentabilidade das explorações; Abstract Rating of bulls’ reproductive potential through breeding soundness evaluation This document reports the activities of the traineeship for the Master in Veterinary Medicine, including the presentation of the number of cases attended during herd health plans and clinical activity. The theme chosen for discussion was bull fertility through breeding soundness evaluation. Data obtained by Vetal (2008-2012) were analyzed, according to the state of the art, with the aim of characterizing beef bulls’ population in Southern Portugal. Out of 184 bulls evaluated, 72,28 % were approved, unsuccessful outcome apparently increases with age. Scrotal circumference was significantly influenced by: age (p<0,001), breed (p<0,05) and Body Condition Scoring (BCS) (p<0,05). Correlations were significant between scrotal circumference and age (p<0,001; r=0,52), between BCS and microscopic semen evaluation parameters (p<0,05) and between these semen evaluation parameters. The breeding soundness evaluation is essential to assess bulls’ reproductive potential and routine performance of this exam should be encouraged in Portugal to improve fertility and herd profitability.

Sequential alcohol oxidation/putative homo Claisen-Tishchenko-type reaction to give esters: a key process in accessing novel biologically active lactone macrocycles

We report an efficient methodology for the direct oxidative esterification of primary alcohols to diether-esters using pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC). Numerous studies were carried out to probe the reaction mechanism and at the same time optimize the reaction conditions. The reaction could be conducted with 1 equivalent of PCC and 1 equivalent of BF3 center dot OEt2. Indications based on literature precedent were that the reaction may proceed via a sequential alcohol oxidation to the aldehyde followed by a putative Cr or boron catalyzed Claisen-Tishchenko-type reaction. Using this efficient methodology, we synthesized a family of novel diether-esters in very good yields; some of these molecules were subsequently tested against both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). In addition, we also disclose a new synthetic strategy for the synthesis of lactam macrocycles with potential biological activity. This methodology included the regioselective borylation of the ester substrate and a subsequent Suzuki-Miyaura coupling to obtain the desired lactam macrocycle.