The Evolution of Norms in Trade and Financial Networks in the First Global Age: the case of Simon Ruiz's network

In the 16th century, merchants and bankers gained a social influence and political relevance, due to their capacity of ‘faire travailler l’argent des autres’ (Benassar 1972:50). For the success of their activity, they built evolving networks with cooperative partners. These networks were much more than the sum of all partners. In the case study of the Castilian merchant Simon Ruiz, the network functioned in an unique way and independent from any formal institutional control. Its functioning varied in how different partners were associated and the particular characteristics and contents of these social ties. Being a self-organized network, since the formal institutions of trade regulation and the Crown control didn’t influence the network functioning, the Simon Ruiz network was deeply embedded in the economic and financial performance of the Hispanic Empires, in two different ways. The first, purely commercial. The monopolistic regime which was applied by the two crowns in the trade of certain colonial goods was insufficient to the costs of imperial maintenance. In such manner, particulars tried to rent a contract of exploration of trade, paying an annual sum to the crown, as in the Portuguese trade. Some of these agents also moved along Simon Ruiz’s network. But others were involved in relations with the imperial crowns on a second way, the finance. Maintaining Empires implied a lot of human, technical but also financial means, and most of the times Kings were forced to recur to these merchants, as we will demonstrate. What were the implications of these collaborative relations in both parts? The main goal of this paper is to comprehend the evolution of informal norms within Simon Ruiz’s network and how they influenced cooperative behavior of the agents, particularly analyzing mechanisms of sanctioning, control, punishment and reward, as well as their consequences in different dimensions: future interactions, social repercussions and in agent’s economic health and activity. The research is based in the bills of exchange and commercial correspondence of the private archive of Simon Ruiz, located in the Provincial Archive of Valladollid, Spain.

Histoire et projet dans la valorisation du patrimoine de la soie : Le Filatoio di Caraglio (Coni. Italie) et le Real Filatório de Chacim (Trás-os-Montes, Portugal)

O objetivo deste trabalho é explorar a temática da valorização do patrimônio arquitetónico, herdado pela indústria da seda, baseando-se na história das técnicas, na gestão e na valorização do patrimônio industrial. É a partir do estudo de duas fábricas de seda na Europa: o Filatoio di Caraglio em Itália (data de construção: 1676-1678) e o Real Filatório de Chacim em Portugal (data de construção: 1788) que serão discutidas as estratégias encontradas para a conservação/restauração dos dois casos em questão, com base em suas histórias e contextos atuais. O Filatoio di Caraglio é uma das fábricas de seda mais antigas da Europa tendo como técnica o moinho alia piemontese publicado na Encyclopédie como uma das melhores invenções. No caso do Real Filatório de Chacim, constata-se que a introdução deste moinho por meio de técnicos italianos constituiu uma transferência tecnológica entre os dois países. RÉSUMÉ: L'objective de ce travail est d'explorer la thématique de la mise en valeur du patrimoine architectural hérité de industrie de la soie en se basent sur l'histoire des techniques, la gestion et la valorisation du patrimoine industriei. C'est à partir de l'étude de deux fabriques à soie en Europe: le Filatoio di Caraglio en Italie (date de construction: 1676-1678) et le Real Filatório de Chacim au Portugal (date de construction: 1788) que sont discutées les stratégies employées pour la conservation/restauration de ces deux cas basées sur leur histoire et sur les contextes actuels. Le Filatoio di Caraglio est une des soieries plus anciennes de l'Europe et était caractérisée par une technique du moulin alla piemontese publié dans l'Encyclopédie come une des meilleures inventions. Dans le cas du Real Filatório de Chacim, on constate que l'introduction de ce type de moulin par des techniciens italiens a constitué un transfert technique entre les deux pays. ABSTRACT: The purpose of this research is to examine the enhancement of architectural heritage inherited from the silk industry, focusing on technical history, and the management and valorization of industrial heritage. Conservation/restoration strategies are discussed by analyzing solutions proposed in two European silk mills: The Filatoio di Caraglio, in Italy (date of construction: 1676-1678) and the Real Filatório de Chacim, in Portugal (date of construction: 1788), taking into consideration their histories and current context. While the former is one of the oldest European silk mills, employing the alla piemontese technique, which was praised by the Encyclopédie, the latter was set up by ltalian technicians, establishing a technology transfer between the two countries.

Project pour la création d'un musée sur l'histoire du travail des immigrants portuguais au Venezuela

A proposta de criar um museu com esta particularização é possível porque existe um interesse comunitário expressado desde há muito tempo e uma toma de consciência do papel histórico do movimento das populações em processos como a integração, o multiculturalismo ou a dinamização econômica. Os museus da migração consideram estas questões nos seus espaços de exposição. O projeto também considera estes fatores e propõe uma serie de princípios museológicos e de postulados museográficos para estabelecer uma instituição que contribui a valorizar e a difundir sua significação. O tema selecionado - o trabalho dos imigrantes portugueses - facilita a leitura transversal do discurso histórico das exposições previstas porque toma conta da representação cultural que a sociedade venezuelana tem feito da obra e dos trabalhadores imigrantes.

Formation, carrière et montée en puissance des ingénieurs électriciens au Portugal (de la fin du XIXe siècle aux années 1930)

A la fin du XIXe siècle, les technologies modernes liées à l'électricité et à ses applications ont été introduites au Portugal sans réel décalage par rapport aux autres pays. Toutefois, jusqu’aux années 1910, malgré plusieurs réformes des instituts industriels et des écoles polytechniques, la formation en électrotechnique était restée insuffisante pour que les ingénieurs portugais puissent acquérir les compétences indispensables à l'installation et l'exploitation des technologies électriques. Même si, depuis la fin du siècle précédent, eu égard à l’importance croissante de l’électricité et de ses applications, on tentait de mettre en place des cours spécifiques. Aussi, pour pallier leurs manques, quelques ingénieurs portugais partaient-ils compléter leur formation dans les principales institutions européeennes comme l'Institut Montefiore, annexé à l'Université de Liège, l’Université de Grenoble ou l’Université de Nancy. C’est seulement en 1911 avec la création de l’Institut Supérieur Technique de Lisbonne et l’année suivante de la Faculté technique de Porto, que les cours de génie électrotechnique ont été introduits au Portugal. L’organisation de l’Institut Supérieur Technique fut confiée à Alfredo Bensaúde qui avait fait ses études supérieures en Allemagne. L’enseignement de l’ingénierie dans ce pays fut alors marqué par le principe : « less theory and more pratice ». On cherchait à former des élèves pour les orienter vers l’industrie Après la première Guerre mondiale, on a pu prendre la mesure de la place des ingénieurs électriciens dans l’économie et la société portugaise avec l’organisation de 4 congrès d’électricité entre 1923 et 1931. Au 1er congrès portugais d’ingénierie en 1931, les ingénieurs électriciens ont joué un rôle déterminant, manifestant ainsi l’importance de cette branche du génie dans la société au XIXe siècle.