O domínio das orações adjectivas em português europeu: desenvolvimento da linguagem (típico e atípico) e efeitos da escolarização

Esta dissertação investiga os efeitos do desenvolvimento da linguagem ‒ típico (DTL) e atípico (ADL) ‒ e da escolarização na forma como as crianças compreendem e produzem as orações adjectivas restritivas de SU e de OD (ao centro e à direita), de Ind e de Loc (Ind e Loc apenas testadas na tarefa de repetição). A amostra foi constituída por 3 grupos de crianças – dos quais16 têm DTL do Pré-escolar; 13 são do 2.º ano básico com DTL e 7 têm ADL ‒ e por 1 grupo de adultos (o grupo de controlo) com 10 indivíduos. Através da aplicação das tarefas de representação e de repetição de Vasconcelos (1991) e da narrativa ‘A história do gato’, de Hickmann (1982), os resultados mostram a maior acessibilidade das adjectivas SU e OD à direita; elucidam-nos também sobre a importância que o processo de desenvolvimento linguístico e a escolarização têm para a temática. /ABSTRACT: This dissertation research the effects of typical (DTL) and atypical language development (LI), and the formal education system itself on the manner in which children understand and produce restrictive relative clauses of subject (SU) and direct object (DO) (center and right embedded), indirect object (Ind) and locative (Loc); Ind and Loc atested merely on construction tasks. The complete sample includes 3 groups of children - 16 pre-school with DTL; 13 in 2nd grade with DTL and 7 children diagnosed with LI - and 1 group of adults (control group)10 individuals. The results of representation and repetition exercises by Vasconcelos (1991) and the narrative of Hickmann’s ‘Cat story’ (1982) revealed that the majority of the participating children master more easily SU and OD clauses relative clauses with right association; and also important role of the language development process and of School for the matter.

Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Storage System Linked to the Electric Grid

This paper focuses on technology state of the art for the charge/discharge of electric energy storage supported by vanadium redox flow battery linked to the electric grid. Properties of vanadium, the main configuration and the reaction of charge/discharge of a vanadium redox flow battery are addressed. The vanadium redox flow battery has the highest cell voltage among the other redox flow battery, implying higher power and energy density which favours application at power plants. This electric energy storage is viewed as a promising contribution to be integrated in power system due to a reasonably bulky size and to successful applications currently allowing storage of energy at power plants or at electrical grids. For instances, allowing storage of energy as an economic improvement providing spin reserve to avoid penalty for imbalances between the energy delivered and energy contracted at closing of electricity market or as an economic improvement to diminish the cost of electricity usage of a consumer. The vanadium redox flow battery has the advantages of scalability customized to meet requirements for power and energy capacity and of excellent combination of energy efficiency, capital cost and life cycle costs compared with other technology.