Colonização de bermas de estradas do Sul de Portugal por Dittrichia viscosa L. e seus efeitos na diversidade florística das bermas

A distribuição da espécie D. viscosa, nativa em Portugal, foi avaliada ao longo da berma de duas estradas, do sul do país. A composição florística e a percentagem de cobertura do solo das diferentes espécies foram amostradas em áreas de berma com e sem a influência de D. viscosa, para avaliar o seu efeito nas comunidades das bermas. O efeito do corte dos arbustos foi também estudado. A espécie em estudo apresentou uma clara preferência pelas bermas, comparativamente com as áreas envolventes. Os resultados sugerem que a presença dos arbustos provoca uma diminuição na biodiversidade das bermas. As estradas estudadas devem, portanto, ser alvo de controlo da distribuição desta espécie, para impedir a sua invasão. Com base nos resultados, sugerimos que o controlo deve ser efectuado através de dois cortes, no meio da primavera para impedir a propagação de incêndios e no final do verão, para prevenir a dispersão das sementes. ABSTRACT; The distribution of the native species D. viscosa was evaluated along the road verges of two roads in southern Portugal. The plant species composition and cover were surveyed within the roadside habitats, in areas with and without D. viscosa, to evaluate its effect on road verge communities. The effect of mowing on D. viscosa shrubs was also assessed. Shrubs showed a clear preference to verges relative to the surroundings, indicating that D. viscosa seems to be invading the study road verges. Results also suggest that the presence of the shrubs decrease the plant diversity of road sides, with potential effects on animals as well. Therefore, the study roads should be considered as important targets of local and regional efforts to prevent invasions of this species. Based on our results, we suggest that to prevent D. viscosa invasion within roadside ecosystems, the control should be based on two mowings, in mid-spring to prevent fires and in late-summer to prevent seed dispersal.

Exploring nest destruction and bird mortality in mown Mediterranean dry grasslands: an increasing threat to grassland bird conservation

In recent years, haying has extended to Iberian Mediterranean dry grasslands potentially impacting on grassland bird ecology. We evaluated the impact of haying on a grassland bird community of South Portugal. Our main goals were: (1) to investigate the exposure of different species to haying, (2) to investigate potential removal of nests and dead birds from hayed fields by haying machinery using the ratio (REC) between the expected number of records and the number of records collected and (3) to link clutch destruction and bird mortality with haying management practices. Hayed fields were surveyed for signs of breeding and birds censused prior to mowing. Linear models were computed, linking the REC with haying machinery and sward properties. GLMs and model averaging were used to obtain models linking clutch destruction, bird mortality and haying management variables. Only 4 % of records evidenced successful nesting attempts (N = 177). REC evaluation suggested high nest or dead bird removal by the machinery, particularly in fields with lower vegetation biomass prior to cutting. Sickle bar mowers and one-rotor rotary rakes returned higher REC but lower probability of found nests removed from the original nesting sites comparatively to discs mowers and wheel rakes. Higher probabilities of mortality events were found in fields mown earlier (but not in all years). On the other hand, lower mortality was found in fields raked with two-rotor rotary rakes. Delayed haying, silage production in temporary crops and the use haying machinery enabling simultaneously mowing and gathering hay in lines are discussed as management alternatives.

Between and within-year effects of haying on grassland bird

In recent years, haying has extended to Iberian Mediterranean dry grasslands potentially threatening grassland birds. We evaluate the between and within-year effects of haying on grassland birds in Alentejo region, Portugal. Our main goals were: (1) to investigate variations on bird abundance and species richness in the fields hayed, with respect to past haying events occurred in a field and its surroundings and (2) to investigate the shifts in bird abundance, species richness and spatial dynamics resulting from haying a field and its surrounding area in a given year. We conducted grassland bird censuses during the breeding season through point counts from 2012 to 2015. The relationship between bird abundance/richness and past haying events was investigated using Generalized Linear Models whereas within-year effects of haying were analysed using Generalized Additive Models. Bird abundance in a field was positively related with the surface hayed in the vicinity of that field in the previous year. However, contrasting yearly effects were found for non passerines. Also, some species prefer fields with less haying events or surface hayed, whereas others occur mostly in fields frequently managed for haying. Haying a field leads, in the short term, to its abandonment by birds, and thus to a decrease in bird abundance and, for some species, to spatial concentration in surrounding fields offering suitable habitat. We conclude that within-year effects of haying have higher impact on grassland birds than between-year effects. Maintaining haying at low levels by rotating haying yearly through the different fields in each farm and using partial haying may be an adequate way to ensure an effective management of grassland bird populations.