"Os Conflitos ambientais em Portugal (1974-2015): uma breve retrospectiva"

In this chapter, the authors made a survey of the research undertaken by social scientists and their reflections on environmental conflicts in Portugal. In these, a critical discourse has emerged concerning, on the one hand, the weak public environmental awareness, and, on the other, the progressive obliteration of environmental movements and their institutionalization throughout the creation of different environmental groups and the incorporation of the “environment” in legislation and in political discourse. In a brief retrospective, we review several conflicts taking into account different relevant factors: level of mobilization, media attention received, organization, impact, and ideological reference they have had in Portugal since the seventies. We have particularly highlighted the movement against nuclear energy and the construction of dams, the pollution caused by intensive breeding, the expansion of eucalyptus plantations, the conflicts against “wild” forms of mining, the business of toxic waste, the expansion of the economy of the concrete, the installation of landfills, and the defense of the natural heritage. This survey has considered three periods: the 1970s, marked by the emergence and performance of ecological movements of different ideological extraction; the second half of the 1980s, marked by the institutionalization of the environment and the imposition of a new legal framework with impact on environmental policies resulting from the integration into the European Economic Community; and finally, a third period, from the 1990s to present, marked by increasing environmental media coverage, with a particular emphasis on environmental conflicts in a context of an increasing liberalization of economic activities and the expansion of extraction and of the concrete economy. This is also the period where the environment emerges in disputes over the uses of the territory as economic and asset value. Most of these conflicts arise from the activities of local agents or national environmental groups that quickly gain strong local roots and sometimes even have some success. However, their impact on the national and Community legislation seems to be less relevant.

Representações sociais de enfarte agudo do miocárdio, construídas por doentes, família e profissionais de saúde

Este estudo foi desenvolvido com a finalidade de conhecer as representações sociais de enfarte agudo do miocárdio, junto de três grupos sociais: doentes com enfarte agudo do miocárdio; respectivas famílias; e profissionais de saúde que cuidam desses doentes. A base conceptual do estudo foi a teoria das representações sociais. Como metodologia optámos por uma abordagem multi-método, com etapas complementares de recolha de dados: questionário e entrevista. Obtivemos uma amostra de 210 participantes, aplicá-mos o questionário a todos e realizámos 120 entrevistas. Analisámos os dados com re-curso à análise de conteúdo auxiliada por quatro softwares: Evoc, Simi, Trideux Alces-te. Encontrámos na interpretação das ancoragens e objectivação uma teia de sentidos compartilhados nas práticas sociais, nos diferentes grupos. Emergiram sentidos maiori-tariamente ancorados no biológico/físico e psicológico, com especial relevância na di-mensão emocional. O grupo dos profissionais de saúde fica detentor de um conjunto de representações que constituem um importante instrumento de trabalho; ### SUMMARY: Social representations of Myocardial Infarction, built by patient, family and health professionals This study was developed with the purpose of knowing the social representations of acute myocardial infarction considering three social groups: patients with acute myo-cardial infarction, respective families and health professionals who care for these pa-tients. The conceptual basis of this study was the theory of social representations. We have chosen a multi faceted method as methodology with additional gather of data col-lection through questionnaire and interviews. We obtained a sample of 210 participants applying the questionnaire to all and executing 120 interviews. The data was analyzed using content analysis supported by four software: Evoc, Simi, Trideux and Alceste. The interpretation of anchoring and objectification showed a set of shared meanings in social practices in the different groups. The biological / physical and psychological meanings emerged largely anchored with particular emphasis on the emotional dimen-sion. The group of health professionals held a set of representations that were an im-portant instrument of work.