Urban-rural connections and development perspectives in Portugal

Portugal is characterized by a significant asymmetry in the population distribution/density and economic activity as well as in social and cultural dynamics. This means very diverse landscapes, differences in regional development, sustainability and quality of life, mainly between urban and rural areas. A consequence coherent with the contemporary dynamics: urbanization of many rural areas that loose their productive-agricultural identity and, simultaneously, the reintegration in urban areas of spaces and activities with more rural characteristics. In this process of increasing complexity of organization of the landscape is essential to restore the continuum naturale (between urban and rural areas) allowing closer links to both ways of life. A strategy supported in the landscape, which plays important functions for public interest, in the cultural, social, ecological and environmental fields. At the same time, constitutes an important resource for economic activity, as underlined in the European Landscape Convention. Based on this assumption, and using a multi-method approach, the study aims to analyse a) the links between urban and rural areas in Portugal and b) the reasons why these territories are chosen by individuals as places of work and mobility, residence or evasion, culture and leisure, tranquillity or excitement – meaning overall well-being. Primary information was obtained by a questionnaire survey applied to a convenience sample of the Portuguese population. Secondary data and information will be collected on the official Portuguese Statistics (INE and PORDATA). Understanding the urban-rural links is essential to support policy measures, take advantage from the global changes and challenge many of the existing myths.

Rock paintings and microorganisms: a new insight on Escoural cave

European cave art is of tremendous importance to understand the cultural traditions of the Upper Palaeolithic (35 000 – 10 000 BP) populations. Indeed, Prehistoric communities performed numerous cave paintings all over Western Europe. Understanding these artworks should provide a better knowledge of these early cultural aspects. Although numerous studies have been carried out to analyse the materials used by those communities, nothing has been done on the techniques’ palette of Escoural Cave’s representations. The present work aims at providing the very first data about the techniques and materials used by the Prehistoric to perform the cave paintings of Escoural (Alentejo, Portugal), and the microorganisms possibly endangering this unique parietal art. In situ observations coupled with an extensive micro-sampling and micro-destructive analyses allowed to characterize the coloured material and the way they were applied on the walls of the cave. Both red and black pigments present major composition’s disparities among the different paintings and drawings, supporting a more complex occupations’ chronology than what was earlier thought. The Palaeolithic paintings have suffered deterioration from environmental conditions and include chemical, mechanical and aesthetic alterations, possibly as a result of fungal activity. The standard techniques for biological assessments used in these contexts provided important insights on the diversity of the microbial population, though they have accuracy limitations. To understand the extent and viability of the existing microbiota, DNA quantification and biomarkers analyses, such as desidrogenase activity were performed and correlated with ergosterol amounts; RESUMO: A Arte Rupestre Europeia é de grande importância para compreender as tradições culturais da população do Paleolítico Superior (35 000 - 10 000 BP). De fato, as comunidades Pré-históricas realizaram inúmeras pinturas rupestres em toda a Europa Ocidental, sendo crucial compreender estas obras de forma a proporcionar um melhor conhecimento destes ancestrais aspectos culturais. Embora vários estudos tenham sido realizados para analisar os materiais utilizados por estas comunidades, nada foi efetuado sobre a técnica de execução das representações presentes na Gruta do Escoural. O presente trabalho visa fornecer os primeiros dados sobre as técnicas e materiais utilizados na Pré-História para executar as pinturas rupestres de Escoural (Alentejo, Portugal) bem como caracterização dos microorganismos possivelmente associados aos danos deste bem único. Observações in situ, juntamente com uma extensa micro-amostragem e análises micro-destrutivas permitiu caracterizar os pigmentos utilizados e a forma como eles foram aplicados nas paredes da caverna. Tanto os pigmentos vermelhos como os pretos apresentam composição distinta nas diversas pinturas e desenhos aí representados, apoiando a presença de diferentes ocupações contrariamente ao que se pensava até então. As pinturas Paleolíticas têm sofrido deterioração, devido às condições ambientais, nomeadamente alterações químicas, mecânicas e, possivelmente como resultado da atividade fúngica. As técnicas usualmente utilizadas para a avaliação de contaminação biológica fornecem informação importante sobre a diversidade da população microbiana, embora apresentem algumas limitações. Para entender a extensão e a viabilidade da microbiota existente, a quantificação de DNA e análise de biomarcadores como actividade de desidrogenases foram realizadas e correlacionadas com o conteúdo em ergosterol.