A internacionalização de empresas portuguesas para Cabo Verde : investimento directo e as estratégias competitivas

A presente investigação procura estudar a internacionalização das empresas portuguesas para Cabo Verde, através de investimento direto, e as estratégias competitivas que elas adotaram. Na sequência da revisão da literatura, a fim de obter respostas para a pergunta de pesquisa, analisamos a internacionalização das empresas portuguesas, a sua evolução, o investimento português no estrangeiro, e a evolução dos fluxos do Investimento Direto Estrangeiro (IDE) em Cabo Verde, a partir de dados estatísticos recolhidos na literatura publicada. De seguida foram recolhidos dados primários, através da aplicação de dois questionários direcionados para o mercado cabo-verdiano (clientes) e empresas portuguesas que investiram em Cabo Verde. A amostra é constituída por 157 clientes, 77 do sexo feminino e 80 do sexo masculino, e a outra amostra é constituída por 10 empresas portuguesas que investiram em Cabo Verde através de Investimento Direto. Os resultados do presente estudo mostram que a estratégia de adaptação não contribuiu significativamente para melhorar a opinião do mercado cabo-verdiano sobre as marcas portuguesas e que, as empresas adaptaram naquele mercado principalmente as variáveis distribuição e preço. As empresas portuguesas podem seguir estratégias de padronização do produto e da promoção/comunicação, precisando apenas adaptar o preço aos diferentes fatores de custo e a distribuição à natureza insular do mercado. Concluímos que, de uma forma geral, a proximidade cultural, geográfica e histórica entre os dois países é responsável pela não necessidade da estratégia de adaptação por parte das empresas portuguesas quando internacionalizam para Cabo Verde. /ABSTRACT: The present investigation aims to study the internationalization of portuguese companies to Cape Verde, through direct investment, and their competitive strategies. Following the literature review, in order to answer the research question, the internationalization of Portuguese companies was analyzed, as was the Portuguese investment abroad, and the evolution of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows in Cape Verde, with statistical data collected from the literature. Primary data was collected through the use of two questionnaires directed to the Cape Verdean market (customers) and to the Portuguese companies that have invested in Cape Verde. The sample consists of 157 customers, 77 females and 80 males, and the other sample consists of 10 Portuguese companies that have invested in Cape Verde through Direct Investment. The results of this study show that the adaptation strategy did not help improve Cape Verdean market's opinion about the Portuguese brands, and those, companies adapted primarily the distribution and price variables. The Portuguese companies can follow standardization strategies of the product and the promotion I communication, just needing to adjust the price to the various cost factors and the distribution to the insular nature of the market. We conclude that, in general, the cultural, historic and geographical proximity and the close relationship between the two countries lessens the necessity of adaptation strategy by the Portuguese companies when they internationalize to Cape Verde.

Short-Term Trading for a Wind-PV Power Producer in an Electricity Market

This paper deals with the problem of coordinated trading of wind and photovoltaic systems in order to find the optimal bid to submit in a pool-based electricity market. The coordination of wind and photovoltaic systems presents uncertainties not only due to electricity market prices, but also with wind and photovoltaic power forecast. Electricity markets are characterized by financial penalties in case of deficit or excess of generation. So, the aim o this work is to reduce these financial penalties and maximize the expected profit of the power producer. The problem is formulated as a stochastic linear programming problem. The proposed approach is validated with real data of pool-based electricity market of Iberian Peninsula.

Bidding Decision of Wind-Thermal GenCo in Day-Ahead Market

This paper deals with the self-scheduling problem of a price-taker having wind and thermal power production and assisted by a cyber-physical system for supporting management decisions in a day-ahead electric energy market. The self-scheduling is regarded as a stochastic mixed-integer linear programming problem. Uncertainties on electricity price and wind power are considered through a set of scenarios. Thermal units are modelled by start-up and variable costs, furthermore constraints are considered, such as: ramp up/down and minimum up/down time limits. The stochastic mixed-integer linear programming problem allows a decision support for strategies advantaging from an effective wind and thermal mixed bidding. A case study is presented using data from the Iberian electricity market.

Bidding strategy of wind-thermal energy producers

This paper presents a stochastic mixed-integer linear programming approach for solving the self-scheduling problem of a price-taker thermal and wind power producer taking part in a pool-based electricity market. Uncertainty on electricity price and wind power is considered through a set of scenarios. Thermal units are modelled by variable costs, start-up costs and technical operating constraints, such as: forbidden operating zones, ramp up/down limits and minimum up/down time limits. An efficient mixed-integer linear program is presented to develop the offering strategies of the coordinated production of thermal and wind energy generation, having as a goal the maximization of profit. A case study with data from the Iberian Electricity Market is presented and results are discussed to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.