A importância e a influência do génio de Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849) na vida e obra do pianista e compositor Milosz Magin (1929-1999)

Este Trabalho de Projecto é composto por duas partes: uma de índole teórica e outra de índole prática. No que diz respeito a parte teórica, ela compõe-se por uma exposição que se divide em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo toma como ponto de partida a apresentação da vida de Milosz Magin, um pianista e compositor europeu da segunda metade do século XX. Os objectivos do segundo capítulo são os de salientar e explicar a influência que Frédéric Chopin teve na vida de Milosz Magin. Este capítulo centra-se nos paralelismos biográficos entre ambos, essencialmente, naqueles que dizem respeito às suas vidas enquanto pianistas e compositores. O terceiro capítulo inclui o estudo analítico e comparativo das semelhanças entre a Sonata em sí bemol menor op. 35 de Frédéric Chopin e a Sonata n.º 1 de Milosz Magin. O quarto capítulo analisa a Mazurka em fá menor op. póstuma de Frédéric Chopin, a qual foi, completamente, reconstruída por Milosz Magin. Ela constitui mais um exemplo paradigmático da influência e importância de Frédéric Chopin na obra do compositor. ABSTRACT: This Project consists of two parts: one of a theoretical nature and the other of a practical one. The theoretical part is in itself made up of an exposition divided into four parts. The first chapter deals with the presentation of Milosz Magin's life, European pianist and composer from the second half of the 20th Century. The objective of the second chapter is to emphasize and explain the influence that Frédéric Chopin had on the life of Milosz Magin. It will concentrate on the biographical parallelisms between Frédéric Chopin and Milosz Magin, essentially on those that concern their lives as pianists and composers. The third chapter includes an analytical and comparative study of the similarities between the Sonata in B Flat minor Op. 35 by Frédéric Chopin and the Sonata n° 1 by Milosz Magin. The fourth chapter analyzes the Mazurka in F minor op. posthume by Frédéric Chopin, completely reconstructed by Milosz Magin, which in itself establishes one more example of the influence and importance Frédéric Chopin had on the works of Milosz Magin.

Bursaphelenchus pinophilus Brzeski & Baujard, 1997 (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchinae) associated with nematangia on Pityogenes bidentatus (Herbst, 1783) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), from the Czech Republic

The occurrence of Bursaphelenchus species in the Czech Republic is poorly known, the first report of the genus being made by Kubátová et al. (2000) who reported the association of B. eremus with the hyphomycetous microfungus, Esteya vermicola, and the bark beetle, Scolytus intricatus, collected from Quercus robur, in central Bohemia. To date, four other species have been reported from the country, namely B. fungivorus (Braasch et al., 2002), B. hofmanni (see Braasch, 2001), B. mucronatus (see Braasch, 2001) and B. vallesianus (Gaar et al., 2006). More recently, a survey for Bursaphelenchus species associated with bark- and wood-boring insects in the Czech Republic identified B. pinophilus Brzeski & Baujard, 1997 from the Moravia region. Although this represents a new country record, it was also associated with nematangia on the hind wings of a new insect vector. A total of 404 bark- and wood-boring insects were collected from declining or symptomatic trees and screened for the presence of Bursaphelenchus. Bark and longhorn beetles were captured manually after debarking parts of the trunk displaying symptoms of insect attacks. Longhorn beetle larvae were also collected together with logs cut from the trunk. Logs were kept at room temperature in the laboratory until insect emergence. Each adult insect was individually dissected in water and examined for nematodes. All nematodes resembling dauer juveniles of Bursaphelenchus were collected and identified by molecular characterisation using a region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) containing the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2. ITS-RFLP analyses using five restriction enzymes (AluI, HaeIII, HinfI, MspI, RsaI) were performed to generate the species-specific profile according to Burgermeister et al. (2009). Species identification was also confirmed by morphological data after culture of the dauers on Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Ft., growing in 5% malt extract agar. During this survey, only species belonging to the Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae, revealed the presence of nematodes belonging to Bursaphelenchus. Dauers of this genus were found aggregated under the elytra in nematangia formed at the root of the hind wings (Fig. 1). The dauers were identified from 12 individuals of Pityogenes bidentatus (Herbst, 1783) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) collected under the bark of Pinus sylvestris trunks. Each insect carried ca 10-100 dauers. The ITS-RFLP patterns of the dauers so obtained confirmed the identification of B. pinophilus associated with this insect species. Bursaphelenchus pinophilus has been found mainly in Europe and has been reported from various countries such as Poland (Brzeski & Baujard, 1997), Germany (Braasch, 2001), and Portugal (Penas et al., 2007). The recent detection of this species associated with dead P. koraiensis in Korea (Han et al., 2009) expands its geographical distribution and potential importance. It has been found associated only with Pinus species, but very little is known about the insect vector. The bark beetle, Hylurgus ligniperda, was initially suggested as the insect vector by Pe-nas et al. (2006), although the nematode associated with this insect was later reclassified as B. sexdentati by morphological and molecular analysis (Penas et al., 2007). According to the literature, P. bidentatus has been cited as a vector of Ektaphelenchus sp. (Kakuliya, 1966) in Georgia, and an unidentified nematode species in Spain (Roberston et al., 2008). Interestingly, B. pinophilus was found in the nematangia formed at the root of the hind wings of P. bidentatus. Although this phenomenon is not so common in other Bursaphelenchus species, B. rufipennis has been found recently in such a structure on the hind wings of the insect Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kanzaki et al., 2008). Although other nematode species (e.g., Ektaphelenchus spp.) are frequently found associated within the same nematangia (see Kanzaki et al., 2008), in this particular case, only dauers of B. pinophilus were identified. The association between B. pinophilus and P. bidentatus represents the first report of this biological association and the association with the Scolytinae strengthens the tight and specific links between this group of Bursaphelenchus species and members of the Scolytinae (Ryss et al., 2005).