Identity of a Tilapia Pheromone Released by Dominant Males that Primes Females for Reproduction

Knowledge of the chemical identity and role of urinary pheromones in fish is scarce, yet it is necessary in order to understand the integration of multiple senses in adaptive responses and the evolution of chemical communication [1]. In nature, Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) males form hierarchies, and females mate preferentially with dominant territorial males, which they visit in aggregations or leks [2]. Dominant males have thicker urinary bladder muscular walls than subordinates or females and store large volumes of urine, which they release at increased frequency in the presence of subordinate males or preovulatory, but not postspawned, females [3–5]. Females exposed to dominant-male urine augment their release of the oocyte maturation-inducing steroid 17α,20β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (17,20β-P) [6]. Here we isolate and identify a male Mozambique tilapia urinary sex pheromone as two epimeric (20α- and 20β-) pregnanetriol 3-glucuronates. We show that both males and females have high olfactory sensitivity to the two steroids, which cross-adapt upon stimulation. Females exposed to both steroids show a rapid, 10-fold increase in production of 17,20β-P. Thus, the identified urinary steroids prime the female endocrine system to accelerate oocyte maturation and possibly promote spawning synchrony. Tilapia are globally important as a food source but are also invasive species, with devastating impact on local freshwater ecosystems [7, 8]. Identifying the chemical cues that mediate reproduction may lead to the development of tools for population control [9–11].

Evolução da população do fungo nematófago Pochonia chlamydosporia -isolado PcMR, após inoculação, no solo e na raiz do tomateiro cultivado em estufa

O fungo Pochonia chlamydospoia é um potencial agente de controlo biológico dos nemátodes-das-galhas-radiculares. Com este trabalho, pretendeu-se avaliar a eficácia de inoculações de clamidósporos no solo, no estabelecimento de uma população do fungo no solo e na raiz de tomateiro em estufa com níveis de densidade iguais ou superiores aos considerados como necessários para um eficaz controlo dos nematodes-das-galhas-radiculares. Ao longo de dois anos de ensaio, fórum efetuadas inoculações do isolado PcMR e avaliada a densidade de fungo no solo e na raiz, As inoculações efetuadas permitiram estabelecer uma população de P. chlamydosporia no solo e atingir os valores de densidade pretendidos. No entanto, os valores pretendidos para colonização da raiz pelo fungo foram atingidos apenas no primeiro ano. Foi igualmente demonstrada a capacidade do fungo em se manter no solo durante longos períodos de tempo mesmo na ausência de cultura e em condições adversas de humidade e temperatura. /ABSTRACT: Pochonia chlamydosporia is a potential root-knot nematode biological control agent. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of chlamydospore inoculations at the soil, for the establishment at both soil and greenhouse tomato root, of a fungus population in density levels equal or superior to those considered as needed for an effective control of root-knot nematode. Along two years, several inoculations using the Portuguese isolate PcMR were made and the density of fungus at the soil and roots studied. These inoculations allowed the establishment of a population of P. chlamydosporia at the soil and achieve the desired density values. However, only in the first year of assay, the desired values of root colonization by fungus were achieved. lt was also demonstrated that P. chlamydosporia can survive for itself at the soil for a long period of time even in the absence of plant culture and in adverse moist and temperature conditions.