Natural Disaster and Intangible Heritage: Beyond the Horizon

When 7.8-magnitude earthquake struck Nepal in 2015, many monuments, temples and houses turned into rubbles killing more than 8,000 people and injuring above 21,000. This unfortunate and tragic natural disaster brought international attention to Nepal. But in this time of despair and pain there was a sign of hope that should be acknowledged well, the spirit of community facing the disaster. This paper is about the indigenous community of Kathmandu on how they organized an important traditional festival just four months after the disaster when most the people were still living in the makeshifts, along with the smaller aftershock continuing almost everyday. In the country like Nepal with numerous intangible heritages, which is, still living is not taken seriously by the concerned authorities and mostly been neglected. It is the indigenous community who has been carrying out those heritages, as they are inseparable aspect of the social life. With this paper it tries look at the community involvement and intangible heritage of Kathmandu Valley, which is a part of my PhD research thesis.

Expenditure pattern analysis of cultural tourists at World Heritage Sites: empirical evidence based on CHAID analysis

This study investigates tourists’ expenditure patterns in the city of Évora, a world heritage site (WHS) classified by UNESCO. The use of chi-squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID) was chosen, allowing the identification of distinct segments based on expenditure patterns. Visitors’ expenditure patterns have proven to be a pertinent element for a broader understanding of visitors’ behaviour at cultural destinations. Visitors’ expenditure patterns were revealed to be increasing within years studied.

Genetic diversity of entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) and the nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) from continental Portugal

“Diversidade genética dos nemátodes entomopatogénicos (Nematoda: Steinernematidae e Heterorhabditidae) e do nemátode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididade) em Portugal continental” Os nematodes entomopatogénicos são utilizados como agentes de controlo biológico. Para compreender a sua diversidade, foi realizada uma prospecção em Portugal. Cinco espécies, nomeadamente Steinernema feltiae, S. intermedium, S. kraussei, Steinernema sp. e Heterorhabditis bacteriophora foram identificadas. As sequências de ITS, região D2D3 do 28S rRNA, COXI e cytb foram utilizadas para estudar a diversidade genética das duas espécies mais abundantes, S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora, não tendo sido encontradas diferenças significativas entre isolados. O nemátode da madeira do pinheiro, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, provoca doença nos pinheiros tendo sido detectada pela primeira vez na Europa e em Portugal em 1999. Para avaliar a diversidade genética dos isolados Portugueses e identificar o padrão de propagação da doença, foram utilizadas a sequência da região IGS do 5.8S rRNA, e os genes cytb e cellulase, combinados com os padrões ISSR. Os padrões de ISSR mostraram elevada diversidade genética entre os recentes isolados Portugueses, sugerindo a possibilidade de uma nova introdução. As árvores filogenéticas dos genes da celulase e cytb sugeriram uma origem Asiática para os isolados Portugueses; ABSTRACT: Entomopathogenic nematodes are used as biocontrol agents. To understand their diversity, a survey was undertaken in Portugal. Five species, namely Steinernema feltiae, S. intermedium, S. kraussei, Steinernema sp. and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were identified. The ITS, 28S rRNA D2D3 region, COXI and cytb sequences, used to study the genetic diversity of the two most abundant species, S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora, showed no significant differences among the isolates. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus causes severe disease in pine trees and was detected for the first time in Europe and in Portugal in 1999. To evaluate the genetic diversity of Portuguese isolates and identify disease spread pathways, the sequence of 5.8S rRNA IGS region, cytb and cellulase genes, combined with ISSR fingerprints were used. ISSR fingerprints show a high genetic variability among recent Portuguese isolates, suggesting the possibility of a new introduction. Phylogenetic trees based on cellulase and cytb genes suggests an Asian origin for Portuguese isolates.