Development and optimisation of protocols for surface cleaning of cultural heritage metals

The conservation and valorisation of cultural heritage is of fundamental importance for our society, since it is witness to the legacies of human societies. In the case of metallic artefacts, because corrosion is a never-ending problem, the correct strategies for their cleaning and preservation must be chosen. Thus, the aim of this project was the development of protocols for cleaning archaeological copper artefacts by laser and plasma cleaning, since they allow the treatment of artefacts in a controlled and selective manner. Additionally, electrochemical characterisation of the artificial patinas was performed in order to obtain information on the protective properties of the corrosion layers. Reference copper samples with different artificial corrosion layers were used to evaluate the tested parameters. Laser cleaning tests resulted in partial removal of the corrosion products, but the lasermaterial interactions resulted in melting of the desired corrosion layers. The main obstacle for this process is that the materials that must be preserved show lower ablation thresholds than the undesired layers, which makes the proper elimination of dangerous corrosion products very difficult without damaging the artefacts. Different protocols should be developed for different patinas, and real artefacts should be characterised previous to any treatment to determine the best course of action. Low pressure hydrogen plasma cleaning treatments were performed on two kinds of patinas. In both cases the corrosion layers were partially removed. The total removal of the undesired corrosion products can probably be achieved by increasing the treatment time or applied power, or increasing the hydrogen pressure. Since the process is non-invasive and does not modify the bulk material, modifying the cleaning parameters is easy. EIS measurements show that, for the artificial patinas, the impedance increases while the patina is growing on the surface and then drops, probably due to diffusion reactions and a slow dissolution of copper. It appears from these results that the dissolution of copper is heavily influenced by diffusion phenomena and the corrosion product film porosity. Both techniques show good results for cleaning, as long as the proper parameters are used. These depend on the nature of the artefact and the corrosion layers that are found on its surface.

Uma Visão Cultural do Turismo

Os autores abordam a temática do turismo cultural numa perspectiva antropológica, visando a sustentabilidade de práticas tradicionais articuladas com o processo dinÂmico da inovação e da mudança.

Escola e diversidade cultural dos alunos: Um estudo no 1º ciclo do ensino básico

Portugal não foi exceção à globalização do mundo e hoje é procurado por povos de toda a parte. A diferença cultural destes povos/minorias reflete-se nas escolas a partir do 1.° Ciclo do Ensino Básico (CEB). No enquadramento teórico de vários autores sobre educação inter/ multicultural para as minorias, abordámos questões sobre a "Sociedade Inter/ Multicultural, Escola Multicultural”, a "Educação Multicultural", e a "Autonomia da escola e gestão do Currículo”. Focalizámos o estudo na "Escola e Minorias étnicas”, na relação da escola com, "estereótipos, preconceitos e atitudes” na sua inter ação com a comunidade e estudámos o caso concreto da escola e a etnia cigana. No estudo empírico, através de um questionário, recolhemos a opinião dos docentes de seis concelhos do distrito de Évora de Escolas do 1.° CEB, sobre as ”Práticas Educativas Desejáveis" e “Existentes” nas escolas em relação a estes alunos. Os resultados obtidos levam-nos a concluir que as práticas educativas existentes não respeitam totalmente a cultura dos alunos de minorias/ciganos mas que existe uma sensibilização para práticas educativas que transformem a escola numa escola multicultural. /ABSTRACT - School and Student's Cultural Diversity Portugal was not exception to the world's globalization and today is looked by peoples (ethnic minorities) of all different places. The cultural difference of these peoples/minorities reflects in the schools since 1.st degree (1. ° Ciclo do Ensino Básico). In the theoretical part of several authors on inter/multicultural education for the minorities, we approached questions on the "Inter/Multicultural Society,” Multicultural School", "School and multicultural education", the "School’s autonomy, curriculum management and multicultural education". We focused the study on the "gypsies" (ethnic minority) approaching questions of´Minority ethnic and school” and "School, Preconceptions and Stereotypes". In the empirical study, through a questionnaire, we collected the opinion of the professors of 1.st degree, from six councils (concelhos) of Évora's district, on "Desirable Educative Practice" and "the Existing ones" in the schools in relation to these pupils. The gotten results take us to conclude that the existing educative practice do not totally respect the culture of the pupils of minorities/gypsies but that exists a sensibilization for educative practice that transform the school into a multicultural school.

Escola e diversidade: os desafios da diversidade cultural na gestão do currículo : alunos imigrantes nas escolas do 1º ciclo do ensino básico de Abrantes: um estudo de caso

Partindo do objeto de estudo: a gestão do currículo para a diversidade cultural é nossa intenção compreender a forma como o discurso do multiculturalismo se encontra presente nos principais documentos definidores de uma política de escola e na postura desta e dos professores, através das decisões e práticas adotadas perante uma realidade diversificada, na presença de culturas de imigrantes. A construção do saber e a análise que fazemos da forma como o currículo é gerido, seguiram um percurso assente num quadro teórico nos campos curricular e da educação intercultural, bem como nas opções metodológicas em que o estudo assenta, e às quais recorremos para a realização da componente empírica. Nesta, analisamos a forma como as escolas-alvo de estudo e os professores respondem à presença dos alunos imigrantes através das representações dos próprios alunos, seus professores e responsáveis pelas escolas; ou seja, analisamos a forma como é gerido o currículo para a diversidade cultural. /ABSTRACT - Taking the subject under study: curricular management for cultural diversity, as our starting point, our aim is to gain an understanding of the nature of multiculturalism as portrayed in the main documents that define school policy as well as in the position taken both by the school and the teachers, in the light of the decisions and practices adopted in the presence of a culturally diverse reality, immigrant cultures. The construction of a body of knowledge and the assessment we make of how the curriculum is managed, has been based on a theoretical framework in the areas of intercultural curricula and education, as well as on the choice of methodology for the study used in carrying out the empirical component In the latter, We have analysed the way in which the schools and the teachers under study responded to the presence of immigrant pupils, seen in the descriptions given by the pupils themselves, their teachers and those responsible for the schools, that is to say, we have analysed the way in which the curriculum for cultural diversity has been managed.

O ESTUDO ACADÉMICO DO TURISMO CULTURAL

O turismo cultural tem múltiplas facetas e varia entre as diferentes regiões geográficas. Hoje, os turistas culturais desejam conhecer e compreender os lugares que visitam, particularmente, o património material e imaterial de uma região ou país. O desenvolvimento do turismo cultural tem atraído a atenção de vários investigadores, especialmente, do campo da Sociologia, da Antropologia, da Geografia e do Turismo que procuram analisá-lo na vertente da oferta e da procura. Por outro lado, tem existido muito debate académico sobre o que realmente é o turismo cultural e quem são os turistas culturais. Uma das complexidades em definir o turismo cultural está na diversidade da cultura que os turistas consomem. Palavras-