Bursaphelenchus antoniae sp. n. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) associated with Hylobius sp. from Pinus pinaster in Portugal

Bursaphelenchus antoniae sp. n. is described and illustrated. Dauer juveniles were isolated from the body of the large pine weevil, Hylobius sp., collected from maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) stumps, in Portugal. Bursaphelenchus antoniae sp. n. was reared and maintained in P. pinaster wood segments and on Petri dish cultures of the fungi Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructicola. The new species is characterised by a relatively small body length of ca 583 μm (females) and 578 μm (males), a lateral field with two incisures, presence of a small vulval flap and a conoid female tail with a rounded or pointed terminus. Males have stout spicules with a disc-like cucullus and seven caudal papillae arranged as a single midventral precloacal papilla, one precloacal pair and two postcloacal pairs. In the character of the lateral field, B. antoniae sp. n. comes close to B. abietinus, B. rainulfi and B. hylobianum, whilst spicule characters place it within the piniperdae-group sensu Ryss et al. Morphologically, B. antoniae sp. n. is closest to B. hylobianum; the spicules of these two species having flattened, wing-like, alae on the distal third of the lamina. Bursaphelenchus antoniae sp. n. is distinguished from B. hylobianum on the arrangement of the caudal papillae (two vs three pairs). ITS-RFLP profiles and the failure to hybridise support the separation of the two species. Phylogenetic analysis of the new species, based on the 18S rDNA sequence, supports the inclusion of this new species in the B. hylobianum-group sensu Braasch. Sequence analysis of the 28S rDNA D2/D3 domain did not place the new species in a definite group.

Estratégia empresarial: contribuição para a análise estratégica das cooperativas vitivinícolas do Alentejo

O presente estudo tem como objetivos analisar a estratégia competitiva das adegas cooperativas do Alentejo, através da análise das ações que têm sido por elas desenvolvidas, propor linhas adicionais de ação estratégica e perspectivar as suas possibilidades de sucesso. A inovação e a flexibilidade das adegas cooperativas para se adaptarem ao crescente dinamismo dos contextos empresariais, conduziu a uma gestão mais profissional e a encarar a estratégia como necessária para uma maior competitividade. Nesse sentido, a cooperação entre as adegas cooperativas é vista como um meio de aumentar a competitividade no mercado internacional. A investigação permitiu constatar que o sector vitivinícola a nível mundial esta na fase de maturidade, com excesso de capacidade produtiva, procura global decrescente e queda de pregos, apresenta, no entanto, alterações significativas nos hábitos de consumo. As adegas cooperativas utilizam estratégias de diferenciação, apostam em produtos de qualidade e com elevados índices de notoriedade entre os consumidores. As principais diferenças competitivas entre elas estão relacionadas com a dimensão e a relação entre esta e a capacidade de recursos para investir ao nível do Marketing-Mix por forma a construir vantagens competitivas duradouras através da notoriedade dos seus vinhos. Para além disso, verifica-se também nas adegas de maior dimensão uma gestão estratégica mais orientada para a competitividade sustentável e maior visão estratégica. O método utilizado (estudo de caso comparativo, de natureza exploratória e, essencialmente qualitativo) não permite uma generalização extensiva dos seus resultados para além das cooperativas estudadas. Os resultados devem ser entendidos, de forma ponderada, no seu contexto específico e para os casos em concreto, pois, cada organização tem características únicas que influenciam o funcionamento da gestão. ABSTRACT - The present study has has been to analyse the competitive strategy of the Alentejo cooperative cellars, through the analysis of the shares that have been developed for the cooperative cellars, propose additional lines of strategic action and preview their possibility of success. The innovation and the flexibility of the cooperative cellars to the dynamic growth of the business contexts, accelerated shattering process of the enterprise contexts, lead to a more professional management and to face the strategy as necessary for a bigger competitiveness. In this direction, the cooperation between the cooperative cellars is seen as a way to increase the competitiveness in the international market. The inquiry allowed to evidence a world industry in maturity phase, with excess of productive capacity, presents a decreasing demand, alteration of the consumption habits and fall of the prices. The cooperative cellars use differentiation strategies, bet in products of quality and with raised indices of notoriety between the consumers. The main competitive differences between them are related with the dimension and the relation between this and the capacity of resources to invest to the level of Marketing-Mix for form to construct lasting competitive advantages through the notoriety of its wines. For moreover, a strategic management more guided for the sustainable competitiveness is also verified in the cellars of bigger dimension and bigger strategic vision. Due to the applied method (comparative case study, in searching manner and, essencialy qualitative) it cannot be purposed an extensive generalization of the results to another non-studied population. The results must be understood in a balanced way, in their Enterprise Strategy: Contribution for the Strategic Analysis of the Alentejo Wines Cooperatives specific context, and for real cases, since each company has its own features that influences the management work.