La correspondance entre Albert Camus et Michel Vinver: entre dramaturgie et engagement (RE)lire Albert Camus. Études interdisciplinaires

Cette communication propose une approche du thème de l'engagement chez Camus à partir de la correspondance que l'écrivain a échangée avec le dramaturge Michel Vinaver dans les années de l'après-guerre. Ces lettres révèlent une relation à la fois amicale et ouverte, entre un écrivain déjà célèbre et un jeune homme qui sait seulement qu'il veut, lui aussi, devenir écrivain. Elles montrent aussi les divergences entre les deux écrivains sur le thème de l'engagement qui, à la fois littéraires et politiques, se situent notamment sur le territoire de l'écriture théâtrale face à la fonction politique et sociale de cet art.

Ecclesiastics and political state building in the Iberian monarchies, 13th-15th centuries

Estudo comparativo dos processos de construção da realeza e do papel dos eclesiásticos em diferentes reinos ibéricos

Calcium sulfate fillers and binders in Portuguese 15th and 16th centuries: Ground layers from a family painting workshop — Study by multianalytical spectroscopic techniques

This study presents results on a developed methodology to characterize ground layers in Portuguese workshops. In this work a set of altarpieces of the 15th and 16th centuries, assigned to Coimbra painting workshop was studied, overall the masters Vicente Gil (doc. Coimbra 1498–1525), Manuel Vicente (doc. Coimbra 1521–1530) and Bernardo Manuel (act. c. 1559–94), father, son and grandson, encompassing from late gothic to mannerist periods. The aim of the study is to compare ground layers, fillers and binders of Coimbra workshop, and to correlate their characteristics to understand the technical evolution of this family of painters, using complementary microscopic techniques. The cross-sections from the groups of paintings were examined by optical microscopy and the results were integrated through the analysis obtained by μ-X–ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X–ray Spectrometry, μ-confocal Raman and occasionally with μ-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy imaging. Ground layers are of calcium sulfate, present as gesso grosso (mainly anhydrite with small amounts of gypsum) in the first and last phases of the workshop and gesso mate (mainly gypsum with small amounts of anhydrite) in an intermediate period. Binders have protein and oleic characteristics.