2 resultados para COMPUESTOS - PULPA DE PERA
em Repositório Científico da Universidade de Évora - Portugal
Resumo:
Current pear pruning making use of pneumatic shears still is a very labour intensive operation. The Proder project Avaliao da poda mecnica em pomares de pera was designed to contribute to solutions that would reduce the present dependence in labour and therefore to promote a reduction in pruning costs. This paper shows the results of a trial made to evaluate the influence of mechanical topping in manual pruning complement field work and pear yield. Topping was performed using a Reynolds 6DT 3.0m cutting bar with six hydraulic-driven circular disc-saws mounted in the three point tractor linkage system. The field trial was performed in a commercial orchard with 20 years, planted in an array of 4m x 2m with tree lines oriented in North-South direction. Trees were trained as the central leader system. In this trial, in a randomised complete block design with four replications, two treatments are being compared leading to 8 plots with one line of 14 trees per plot. The treatments tests were: T1 - manual pruning performed by workers using pneumatic shears, in each year; T2 - Topping the canopy parallel to the ground, using a discs-saw pruning machine mounted in a front loader of an agricultural tractor, followed by manual pruning complement performed by workers with pneumatic shears. Tree height and width was measured, before and after pruning. Work was timed and pear yields evaluated. Mechanical topping seems to be effective in the control of tree height, which can contribute to increase 14% of work rates on manual pruning complement. No significant differences in pear yield were found between treatments.
Resumo:
Este projeto de investigao foca a anlise das diversas problemticas no domnio da reduo para piano suscitadas por linguagens e por obras emblemticas do repertrio musical contemporneo. O estudo teve como principal objetivo compreender realizar uma reduo para piano, tendo como base os estudos que se debruam sobre questes de orquestrao, transcrio, acompanhamento, bem como inmeros exemplos de redues existentes. So realizados estudos sobre as diferenas entre reduo e transcrio para piano, sobre os critrios de escolha de material musical, sobre a reorquestrao da contedo nas redues, sobre a problemtica de execuo das redues ao piano, sobre questes de leitura primeira vista e, finalmente, sobre aspetos de apresentao. O contedo de investigao dividido de acordo com trs especificidades das redues para piano. Como exemplo de cada uma delas foram realizadas novas redues das seguintes obras: Concerto da Camera col Violoncello Obbligato de Lopes-Graa; Pli selon pli de Boulez e pera Lady Sarashina de Etvs. A gnese destas obras e os procedimentos necessrios sua reduo foram tambm objeto de estudo nesta dissertao. Todas as redues foram apresentadas publicamente e preparadas para edio. O estudo aqui realizado pretende contribuir para a melhoria do conhecimento sobre as redues para piano, procurando definir ou ajudar compreenso das solues viveis pianisticamente e facilmente aplicveis na prtica. This research project focuses on the analysis of various problems in the field of piano reduction that are caused by languages and emblematic works of contemporary repertoire. This work aims to understand how to make a piano reduction and is based on studies that address various issues in orchestration, transcription, accompaniment and numerous examples of existing piano reductions. Studies were made on the difference between piano reduction and transcription, on the selection criteria of musical material, on re-orchestration of content in piano reduction, and on issues related with performance of reduction at the piano, sight-reading and aspects of score presentation. The content of this research is divided into three specifications of piano reductions. For each section an example was done of each of these works: Lopes-Graas Concerto da Camera col Violoncello Obbligato; Boulezs Pli selon pli and Etvss opera Lady Sarashina. The genesis of these works and their related process of reduction was also studied in this dissertation. All reductions were prepared for edition and presentation to the public. This study aims to contribute to the knowledge on piano reduction, seeking for viable pianistic solutions which can be easily applied in practice.
