The Associations Between the Maladaptive Personality Dimensions of Neediness and Self-Criticism, Defense Styles, Selfobject Needs, and Attachment Styles in an Iranian Sample

The present study extends previous findings by examining whether defense styles, selfobject needs, attachment styles relate to Neediness and Self-Criticism, as maladaptive personality dimensions focused, respectively, on relatedness and self-definition in an Iranian sample. Three hundred and fifty two participants completed a socio-demographic questionnaire as well as the Persian forms of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire, Experience of Close Relationships-Revised, Defense Style Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory–II and Selfobject Needs Inventory. Two Multiple Linear Regression Analyses, entering Self-criticism and Neediness as criterion variables, were computed. According to the results high Attachment anxiety, high Immature defenses, high depressive symptoms, and high need for idealization were related to self-criticism, and explained 47% of its variance. In addition, high attachment anxiety, low mature defenses, high neurotic defenses, high avoidance of mirroring, and low avoidance of idealization/twinship were related to neediness, and explained 40% of its variance. A Principal Component Analysis was performed, entering all the studied variables. Three factors emerged; one describing a maladaptive form of psychological functioning and two describing more mature modes of psychological functioning. The results are discussed in their implications for the understanding of neediness and self-criticism as maladaptive personality dimensions focused, respectively, on relatedness and self-definition.

Estilos pessoais dos terapeutas e estilos de vinculação

Neste estudo, procurou-se estudar a relação entre estilos pessoais e estilos de vinculação na relação terapêutica, procurando também, identificar outros aspetos que influenciam quer os estilos pessoais quer os estilos de vinculação duma amostra de psicoterapeutas. Esta amostra foi constituída por 40 licenciados em Psicologia Clínica, de ambos os sexos, com diferentes anos de experiência profissional. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Questionário do Estilo pessoal (EPT) e a Escala de Vinculação de Adultos (EVA). Os resultados apontaram para uma associação entre a função instrutiva do EPT e o estilo de vinculação (terapeutas rígidos apresentam um estilo de vinculação ambivalente, enquanto que os terapeutas flexíveis apresentam um estilo de vinculação seguro), e entre algumas das funções do EPT com a orientação teórica, o grupo etário dos clientes e o género dos terapeutas. Conclui-se que a forma como os terapeutas estabelecem e regulam as suas sessões, está associada ao estilo de vinculação. ABSTRACT: ln this study, the priority goal was to identify which type of relationship exist between personnel styles and attachment styles in the therapeutic relationship; still point a characterization and a recognition of what aspects that can influence it, and then analyse it. The sample were constituted by 40 psychotherapists, they have a licenciature degree in clinical psychology, and the years of professional experience or the duration that they have the degree don't matter. The questionnaire EPT-C and the Adult attachment Scale-R (AAS-R). The results point to the association between the instructive function and attachment styles, as to the EPT-C functions with theoric orientation, age groups of clients, and therapists genres. The therapists that are rigids show a ambivalent style; but therapists flexible shows a secure style of attachment. lndeed the way as therapists stablish and regulate their sessions, is associated to the attachment style.

Tornar-se psicoterapeuta: Expectativas, preocupações e construção do estilo pessoal do terapeuta

O presente estudo tem como objectivos primordiais, identificar as expectativas e as preocupações dos estagiários de psicologia em relação ao seu futuro papel de psicoterapeuta e perceber se existe relação entre estas e os Estilos de Vinculação. A amostra é composta por 95 estagiários de psicologia clínica e educacional, na sua maioria mulheres, com idades compreendidas entre os 22 e os 60 anos e provenientes de 7 Universidades do País. Os mesmos foram sujeitos à aplicação do Questionário de Estilo Pessoal do Terapeuta (EPT-C}, da Escala de Vinculação do Adulto (EVA) e confrontados com uma questão relativa aos seus medos. Com base nos resultados concluímos que os estagiários se perspectivam de um modo idealizado no futuro, preocupando-se de um modo geral com as suas competências. A relação encontrada entre os Estilos de Vinculação e algumas componentes do Estilo Pessoal do Terapeuta apesar de significativa carece de mais desenvolvimentos. /ABSTRACT: The present work has two main purposes: to identify the expectations and worries of the psychology trainees towards their future as a psychotherapist and two conceive if there is any connection between them and the Attachment Styles. The sample is formed by 95 clinic and educational psychology trainees, being the greatest part of them women between 22 and 60 years old from 7 Universities all over the country. They have been studied under the Personal Style of the Therapist, the Adult Attachment Scale-R and, later on, they were confronted by a question concerning their fears. Based on the results, we conclude that the trainee’s perspective themselves, as for the future is concerned ire an idealistic way, worrying, in general, about their skills. The relation found between the Attachment Styles and some elements of the Personal Style of the Therapist although it is significate, needs more development.

Announcing Motherhood

Introduction: Pregnancy is associated with experiences that integrated socio-cultural contexts of space and time, bring changes in family and/or maternal-fetal relationship. Parenthood is a generational task, and one of the most complex in humans. Aimo: To describe the construction of motherhood. Method: Cross-sectional qualitative study. We used the interview technique. Convenience sample of 10 pregnant women at the end of 3rd trimester. Results: The analysis of the narrative reveals four categories: a) conceiving pregnancy idea, b) imagining maternity, c) claiming herself through pregnancy and d) announcing attachment Conclusion: pregnant women essentially express positive and tipical feelings of pregnancy, seeming an healthy evolution. The transition to parenthood is underway, as well as a developing performance to the best role.