ESTUDO DE IMPACTE AMBIENTAL DO ALQUEVA - CLIMA

A circulação atmosférica é fortemente influenciada pela superfície da Terra, reflectindo a estrutura espacial da orografia, das massas de água e da cobertura do solo. As heterogeneidades observadas na superfície do planeta são uma das razões da existência de energia disponível, a partir da qual se pode manter um ciclo de conversões de Energia e Entropia, que estão na base da circulação observada. Não quer isto dizer, no entanto, que qualquer alteração significativa e permanente da superfície se traduza necessariamente numa correspondente alteração climática. Na verdade, existem certos condicionamentos dinâmicos que favorecem o efeito das grandes e médias escalas horizontais, de tal modo que uma alteração intensa mas localizada no espaço pode ter um efeito desprezável, enquanto uma outra alteração mais ténue mas extensa pode ser muito mais significativa. O conceito de escala tem por isso um papel central na Meteorologia. Convencionalmente fala-se em quatro escalas distintas na dinâmica da Atmosfera - a Escala Planetária (dezenas de milhares de km), a Escala Sinóptica (milhares de km), a Mesoscala (dezenas de km) e a Microscala - verificando-se que as duas escalas intermédias têm um papel fundamental na definição do clima observado em cada local. Na latitude de Portugal, em particular, observa-se que os regimes de circulação médios e a precipitação são em grande medida condicionados pela escala sinóptica, especialmente no período de Inverno, em que ocorre a maior parte da precipitação sob a forma de precipitação frontal. No entanto é também bem conhecida a influência de circulações de mesoscala no estabelecimento de diferenciação climática entre locais relativamente próximos. Por outro lado, o valor local de diversos parâmetros atmosféricos é muitas vezes fortemente condicionado por condições que ocorrem numa escala horizontal ainda mais pequena, influenciando por exemplo a exposição ao Sol ou ao Vento com consequências, por vezes significativas, em termos de Temperatura. O empreendimento do Alqueva, dada a natureza das alterações introduzidas e a sua extensão horizontal, implicará com certeza alterações microclimáticas e poderá implicar alterações na circulação de mesoscala da região envolvente. Na verdade, é aparentemente um dos poucos empreendimentos localizados capaz de ter efeito à escala regional, em termos climáticos.

Caracterização da qualidade da água para rega nas captações do sistema Alqueva-Pedrogão

O Empreendimento de Fins Múltiplos de Alqueva (EFMA) é um projecto estruturante centrado na barragem do Alqueva, que pretende garantir o recurso Água na região e com isso viabilizar uma série de infra-estruturas que contribuirão para o desenvolvimento, em termos económicos e sociais, de uma das regiões mais desfavorecidas da Europa. O EFMA é constituído pelo "Reservatório Mãe" e por um conjunto de outras albufeiras de menor dimensão, interligados por uma rede com cerca de dois mil quilómetros de canais e condutas e mais de meia centena de estações de bombagem, contemplando os seguintes usos da água: - Abastecimento público. - Fornecimento de água para o desenvolvimento de actividades agrícolas e agro-industriais; - Produção de energia; Este trabalho tem por objectivo avaliar a adequabilidade da qualidade da água para o uso rega na origem e produzir informação adequada de suporte à decisão. Os resultados obtidos permitem afirmar que de um modo geral a qualidade da água captada no sistema Alqueva- Pedrógão é adequada para o uso rega, apesar de se verificar uma persistente contaminação de coliformes fecais. ABSTRACT; The Multipurpose Alqueva Project (EFMA- Empreendimento de Fins Múltiplos de Alqueva) is a groundwork project centred in Alqueva dam and its reservoir, which intends to guarantee a strategic water reserve in the region, and therefore making possible a series of associated infrastructures, contributing for the potential development of the region, in economic and social terms, in one of the most poorest regions of Europe. The EFMA includes a "Main Reservoir" and set of other dams with lesser dimension, connected by a several canals and pipelines about two thousand kilometers long (including Primary and Secondary Network), and about 50 pumping stations, with the goal of attaining the following main objectives: - Water supply for the development of agricultural and agro-industrial activities; - Production of energy; - Public Water Supply. This study intends to evaluate the suitability of water quality in the origin for irrigation use and to achieve adequate information for support decision. The results have revealed that the quality of water abstracted in the Alqueva - Pedrógão System is suitable for irrigation, although the persistent contamination of fecal coliforms.

Influence of different land uses on groundwater quality in southern Portugal

In Alentejo region, southern Portugal, differences in groundwater samples from six groundwater bodies covered with different land uses were analysed based on the monitoring plan of the Alqueva multi-purpose project, created in the sequence of the construction of the Alqueva Dam on the Guadiana River, in South Portugal. For most of the groundwater bodies there is a statistical significant difference between magnesium, sulphate, chloride, and phosphate. All of these ions are strongly correlated with land use management. Groundwater, where land is covered by olive groves, has high levels of electric conductivity, calcium, potassium, sulphate, and phosphate. Dry land crops are correlated with calcium, magnesium, chloride and consequently, electric conductivity, phosphates and sulphate. Vineyards are strongly correlated with high sulphate and phosphate levels. This study clearly shows that different land uses within a certain groundwater body influence the water quality in a different way. Therefore, an appropriate soil management should be adjusted to each situation, taking into account the aquifer matrix and the overlying soil.

Interacções lago-atmosfera na albufeira de Alqueva

The exchanges between lakes and the atmosphere at Alqueva reservoir, Southeast Portugal, are the object of a 2014 Summer experiment described in this work, with special attention to above water, air-water interface and below water measurements. Air-water interface momentum, heat and mass (H 2 O and CO 2 ) fluxes are obtained with the new Campbell Scientific’s IRGASON Integrated Open-Path CO 2 /H 2 O Gas Analyser and 3D Sonic Anemometer with a unique design that contains no special displacement between the sample volumes of the gas analyser and the sonic anemometer. The radiative balance, both in short and long wave, is assessed with an albedometer and a pirradiometer. Water temperature profile is also continuously recorded. In-water solar spectral downwelling irradiance profiles are measured which enable the computation of the attenuation coefficient of light in the water column. Thus, with detailed information of the Lake-Atmosphere interactions, it is possible to determine the energy and mass balance of the lake.

Numerical Simulations of Fog Events in Southern Portugal

This work aims at improving the knowledge on fog formation and its evolution in the Alentejo region (Portugal). For this purpose, brief regional fog climatology, essentially based on information from the Beja Air Base meteorological station, was produced and several numerical high resolution simulations were performed using the Meso-NH. The ECOCLIMAP database used to generate the model physiography was improved to include the Alqueva reservoir (~250 km2), filled in 2003. The model results were compared with surface and satellite observations, showing good agreement in terms of fog occurrence and persistence. Various forcing mechanisms for formation, development, and dissipation of fog were identified, confirming the influence of two small mountains that block the moist air from the Atlantic Ocean, preventing the fog from reaching innermost regions. The introduction of the Alqueva large reservoir induces changes in the landscape and environment. The effects of the water vapour addition and of the changes in mass and energy surface fluxes on fog formation and evolution were studied. It was found that the reservoir may have a direct impact on fog formation over the lake and its vicinity. Depending on the large scale meteorological conditions, their influence can be both positive and negative, in terms of spatial coverage and temporal persistence.

Lake–atmosphere interactions at Alqueva reservoir: a case study in the summer of 2014

The study of lake–atmosphere interactions was the main purpose of a 2014 summer experiment at Alqueva reservoir in Portugal. Near-surface fluxes of momentum, heat and mass [water vapour (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)] were obtained with the new Campbell Scientific’s IRGASON Integrated Open-Path CO2/H2O Gas Analyser and 3D Sonic Anemometer between 2 June and 2 October. On average, the reservoir was releasing energy in the form of sensible and latent heat flux during the study period. At the end of the 75 d, the total evaporation was estimated as 490.26 mm. A high correlation was found between the latent heat flux and the wind speed (R = 0.97). The temperature gradient between air and water was positive between 12 and 21 UTC, causing a negative sensible heat flux, and negative during the rest of the day, triggering a positive sensible heat flux. The reservoir acted as a sink of atmospheric CO2 with an average rate of −0.026 mg m−2 s−1. However, at a daily scale we found an unexpected uptake between 0 and 9 UTC and almost null flux between 13 and 19 UTC. Potential reasons for this result are further discussed. The net radiation was recorded for the same period and water column heat storage was estimated using water temperature profiles. The energy balance closure for the analysed period was 81%. In-water solar spectral downwelling irradiance profiles were measured with a new device allowing measurements independent of the solar zenith angle, which enabled the computation of the attenuation coefficient of light in the water column. The average attenuation coefficient for the photosynthetically active radiation spectral region varied from 0.849 ± 0.025 m−1 on 30 July to 1.459 ± 0.007 m−1 on 25 September.

A Escola da vida: reconhecimento e validação dos adquiridos experienciais em Portugal. Fragmentos de uma década (2000-2010)

Este livro assume-se como um contributo para o conhecimento do dispositivo de Reconhecimento e Validação dos Adquiridos Experienciais que, em Portugal se denominou Processo de RVCC (Reconhecimento Validação e Certificação de Competências)

Occurrence of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Portugal and perspectives of the disease spread in Europe.

In 1999, the pinewood nematode (PWN) , Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was found and identified for the first time in Portugal and in Europe. Following detection, Portuguese authorities initiated the implementation of eradication measures during 1999 and 2000, following an alert provided to European Community officials; as a result, the nematode was confirmed to be confined in the Setúbal region, near Lisbon. A task force from the follow-up group (GANP) created by the Secretary of State for the Rural Development established a national eradication programme (PROLUNP) to (1) Contain PWN within the initial geographic limits; (2) Implement eradication measures; and (3) Monitor PWN at a national level. Research is presently being conducted both at universities as well as research institutes, focusing on the characterization ofBursaphelenchus species associated with maritime pine, as well as on the insect vector, Monochamus galloprovincialis. Recent reports indicate that the nematode may be present in Siberia (Russia), which would present a threat to Eastern European forestry. Efforts are presently being developed by several European countries to establish a research consortium to detect and study the possible presence of PWN, for a new PRAs. A recent workshop held in Portugal, in 2001, has been an oportunity for sharing experiences and techniques on detection and control. There is clearly a greater awareness of this issue in Europe.

Bursaphelenchus antoniae sp. n. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) associated with Hylobius sp. from Pinus pinaster in Portugal

Bursaphelenchus antoniae sp. n. is described and illustrated. Dauer juveniles were isolated from the body of the large pine weevil, Hylobius sp., collected from maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) stumps, in Portugal. Bursaphelenchus antoniae sp. n. was reared and maintained in P. pinaster wood segments and on Petri dish cultures of the fungi Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructicola. The new species is characterised by a relatively small body length of ca 583 μm (females) and 578 μm (males), a lateral field with two incisures, presence of a small vulval flap and a conoid female tail with a rounded or pointed terminus. Males have stout spicules with a disc-like cucullus and seven caudal papillae arranged as a single midventral precloacal papilla, one precloacal pair and two postcloacal pairs. In the character of the lateral field, B. antoniae sp. n. comes close to B. abietinus, B. rainulfi and B. hylobianum, whilst spicule characters place it within the piniperdae-group sensu Ryss et al. Morphologically, B. antoniae sp. n. is closest to B. hylobianum; the spicules of these two species having flattened, wing-like, alae on the distal third of the lamina. Bursaphelenchus antoniae sp. n. is distinguished from B. hylobianum on the arrangement of the caudal papillae (two vs three pairs). ITS-RFLP profiles and the failure to hybridise support the separation of the two species. Phylogenetic analysis of the new species, based on the 18S rDNA sequence, supports the inclusion of this new species in the B. hylobianum-group sensu Braasch. Sequence analysis of the 28S rDNA D2/D3 domain did not place the new species in a definite group.

First report of an entomopathogenic nematode from continental Portugal

In continental Portugal no information is available concerning the occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes. During a survey in several different habitats from the southern regions of the country, several isolates where identified as Steinernema feltiae. This represents the first report of an entomopathogenic nematode genus for continental Portugal.

Políticas educativas no portugal do séc. xxi - um estudo com base na revisão dos normativos em vigor

O tronco unificador da árvore educativa em Portugal sintetiza-se num conjunto de normativos que regulam o processo de ensino/aprendizagem, do pré-escolar ao ensino universitário, passando pelas diversas vertentes e modalidades que assume a escolaridade portuguesa. O primeiro documento, a partir do qual se postula toda a legislação em vigor é a Constituição Portuguesa de 1976, sendo a Lei n.o 46/86 de 14 de Outubro, a Lei de Bases do Sistema Educativo, o documento base estruturador do sistema educativo português. De 1986 a 2010, têm-se sucedido reformas, alterações curriculares, diferentes perspectivas de se encarar a educação e os seus actores. Com o presente estudo, que se enquadra no âmbito de uma investigação mais ampla, pretende-se apresentar e debater as principais linhas do pensamento educativo, com base na interpretação dos principais normativos em vigor, procurando responder à questão de qual será o modus operandi mais adequado para dar resposta aos desafios do século XXI, em Portugal. Paradoxalmente, elementos da pedagogia crítica coexistem com elementos de um pensamento neoconservador, no quadro normativo português: ideias como a “igualdade de oportunidades” e “inclusão” surgem ao mesmo tempo em que cada vez mais se incrementam “Quadros de Valor e Excelência”, “Prémios de Mérito” para docentes e discentes, numa procura de excelência mais próxima de uma política neoconservadora.

Portugal e Brasil – dois países, quantas línguas? Critérios para a Definição de Entidades Linguísticas no Espaço Lusófono

A identificação de critérios para a definição de entidades linguísticas é complexa. No espaço lusófono, tal definição tem associadas consequências em termos linguísticos e sócio-políticos que se procuram caracterizar no presente trabalho, em que se recorre a dados da Aquisição das normas europeia e brasileira do Português para responder a uma questão complexa: quantas línguas existem no espaço da lusofonia? A principal conclusão é a de estamos (ainda) perante uma única entidade linguística a que chamamos "língua", apesar das diferenças que aqui são apontadas e caracterizadas.

A rede de ensino superior em Portugal e o Território: o Caso do Alentejo

Da existência de instituições de ensino superior (IES) nas cidades e nas regiões decorrem efeitos variados que influenciam as dinâmicas sociais e económicas locais. Entre os efeitos mais significativos, e duradoiros, que resultam desta presença, destaca- se a possibilidade de melhorar a qualificação dos recursos humanos. Está demonstrado que territórios com populações mais qualificadas são mais desenvolvidos e, por isso, registam melhores níveis de qualidade de vida. Desta forma, a localização de IES pode ser mais relevante em territórios com níveis de desenvolvimento mais débeis, posicionando-se, nestes casos, como factor de promoção do desenvolvimento. Neste trabalho, que analisa de forma genérica o caso português, e o Alentejo em particular, procuramos avaliar a correlação entre a existência de IES num território e os respectivos níveis de desenvolvimento e qualidade de vida, de modo a consubstanciar o papel das IES enquanto instrumentos de coesão territorial.

THE TEACHING ABOUT THE CARE OF THE ELDERLY IN NURSING TRAINING: THE SITUATION IN PORTUGAL

This paper aims to look at the teaching situation of the nursing undergraduate degree’s courses about eldercare in Portugal. A documentary research on the teaching programs in 39 nursing schools, 26 schools presented syllabus units related to the topic ‘eldercare’ and in eight of these schools the contents of the units were identified. Using textual analysis and from the categories we concluded that the teaching regarding eldercare for the nurse training in Portugal is focused on hospital care; it is directed to the adult/elderly/family; it explores the definitions related to the aging process; it explores community issues, legislation and research. People responsible for the design/monitoring of teaching programs should include teaching regarding eldercare in the nurse training, considering that the elder population is increasing in Portugal.

Quality of cherry ‘Sweetheart’ from different regions of Portugal and Spain (Cova da Beira, Portalegre and Valle del Jerte).

Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) ‘Sweetheart’ were harvested at different production regions from Portugal (Cova da Beira and Portalegre) and Spain (Valle de Jerte). Cherries were harvested at their commercial maturation according to the empirical knowledge of external color corresponding to good quality. Fruits were stored and evaluated in order to study their quality on the harvest day and during a period of 21 days, at cold storage (1 ºC, 95% RH). The sweet cherry ‘Sweetheart’ is a well known variety and a highly appreciated one but fruits present a short shelf life. On the other hand the effect of different “terroir” on cherry characteristics should be known and clarified. Fruits from day 0, considered without storage, were kept at 20ºC and analyzed. Every weak, 3 replicas were randomly picked up and 10 fruits from each one were submitted to several analyses after fruit temperature stabilized at 20ºC. Several quality parameters were evaluated: external color (L*, a*, b*), texture, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA) and the ratio between soluble solid contents (SSC) and tritratable acidity (TA). Fruits from different orchards and locations were significantly different according to these parameters. Fruits from Cova da Beira were less firm comparing with other two regions, Valle de Jerte and Portalegre, which may indicate a higher maturation rate at harvest in those fruits. This is in accordance with SSC/titratable acidity rate suggesting a late harvest in Cova da Beira comparing with other two orchards, however fruits from Cova da Beira exhibit a poor color at harvest. These results clearly showed a lower correlation between SSC and firmness considering fruits origin.