L'Espagne en Tunisie: projet de sauvegarde et de mise en valeur du Fort de "La Karraka" à La Goulette

La Tunisie a été toujours considérée comme terre de rencontre de plusieurs civilisations, compte tenu de son emplacement stratégique et de son histoire très enracinée. En effet, depuis l’Antiquité ce pays a connu l’installation ou le passage de plusieurs ethnies, qui ont profondément marqué les trois milles ans de son Histoire en dépit de la période ou de la nature de l’occupation et dont les traces constituent aujourd’hui le patrimoine de ce pays. Cet héritage matériel et immatériel semble être parmi les plus riche de la Méditerranée, pour ce, plusieurs villes historiques et sites archéologiques ont été inscrites sur la liste du patrimoine mondial depuis plusieurs décennies. Plusieurs composantes de ce patrimoine furent l’objet de certains projets d’inventaire et d’études, de sauvegarde et de valorisation, tels les sites archéologiques libyques, puniques ou romains, ou même les villes arabo-islamiques. Plusieurs musées, circuits culturels et Parcs archéologiques furent crées. D’autres projets de mise en valeur sont en cours, tels ceux des villes et des villages andalous ou ceux des villages montagneux et des Ksours du sud tunisien… alors que le patrimoine architectural espagnol en Tunisie n’a pas eu jusqu’à présent l’intérêt qu’il mérite malgré son importance et son authenticité et doit être aujourd’hui sauvegardé, mis en valeur et intégré dans la vie patrimoniale et le les circuits culturels et touristiques de la région. Le présent travail réalisé dans le cadre du mémoire de master traite la problématique de la sauvegarde et la mise en valeur d’un monument de type défensif comme cas d’étude. Il s’agit de la Karraka, forteresse bâtie à la ville de la Goulette réagissant à son milieu comme un organisme vivant avec toutes ses variations et déformations de volumes et surtout dans cette typologie dite défensive en se concentrant sur le rôle magistral de la Karraka. L’objectif final de ce projet est de mettre en valeur la validité d’une perception dynamique du patrimoine à travers l’étude de ce monument défensif dans son contexte historique et géographique en particulier et l’essai sur l’histoire de la Goulette; ABSTRACT: Tunisia has always been considered as the meeting earth of several civilizations regarding its strategic position on its deep rooted history. Since the antiquity this country was known the installation or the passage of several ethnics which deeply marqued the three Milles years of its history despite the difficult period of the French occupation its traces are still the country's heritage. This tangible and intangible heritage seems to be among the richest in the Mediterranean in several historic towns and archaeological sites have been listed on the World Heritageas well List for several decades. Many components of this heritage were the object of some inventory projects and studies, Backup and recovery, such the archaeological sites Libyan, Punic, Roman, and even the Arab Islamic cities. Many museums created cultural tours and archaeological parks, we have also other development projects are on the way, such as the Andalusian villages and those of mountain villages and southern Tunisia Ksours….. While the heritage of Spanish architecture in Tunisia has no interest despite its importance and authenticity it must be saved, and it must integrated into the life and heritage and the cultural tours of the region. This work carried out under the master thesis deals with the problem of preservation and development of a defensive type of monument as a case study “ Karraka” This fortress was built in the city of « La Goulette » reacting to his environment as a living organism with all its variations and volume deformations and especially in this so-called defensive typology by focusing on the role of magisterial Karraka. The final objective of this project is to highlight the validity of a dynamic perception of heritage through the study of the defensive monument in its historical and geographical context in particular and the article on the history of « La Goulette ».

Mobilizing Greater Crop and Land Potentials Sustainably

The supply side of the food security engine is the way we farm. The current engine of conventional tillage farming is faltering and needs to be replaced. This presentation will address supply side issues of agriculture to meet future agricultural demands for food and industry using the alternate no-till Conservation Agriculture (CA) paradigm (involving no-till farming with mulch soil cover and diversified cropping) that is able to raise productivity sustainably and efficiently, reduce inputs, regenerate degraded land, minimise soil erosion, and harness the flow of ecosystem services. CA is an ecosystems approach to farming capable of enhancing not only the economic and environmental performance of crop production and land management, but also promotes a mindset change for producing ‘more from less’, the key attitude towards sustainable production intensification. CA is now spreading globally in all continents at an annual rate of 10 Mha and covers some 157 Mha of cropland. Today global agriculture produces enough food to feed three times the current population of 7.21 billion. In 1976, when the world population was 4.15 billion, world food production far exceeded the amount necessary to feed that population. However, our urban and industrialised lifestyle leads to wastage of food of some 30%-40%, as well as waste of enormous amount of energy and protein while transforming crop-based food into animal-derived food; we have a higher proportion of people than ever before who are obese; we continue to degrade our ecosystems including much of our agricultural land of which some 400 Mha is reported to be abandoned due to severe soil and land degradation; and yields of staple cereals appear to have stagnated. These are signs of unsustainability at the structural level in the society, and it is at the structural level, for both supply side and demand side, that we need transformed mind sets about production, consumption and distribution. CA not only provides the possibility of increased crop yields for the low input smallholder farmer, it also provides a pro-poor rural and agricultural development model to support agricultural intensification in an affordable manner. For the high output farmer, it offers greater efficiency (productivity) and profit, resilience and stewardship. For farming anywhere, it addresses the root causes of agricultural land degradation, sub-optimal ecological crop and land potentials or yield ceilings, and poor crop phenotypic expressions or yield gaps. As national economies expand and diversify, more people become integrated into the economy and are able to access food. However, for those whose livelihoods continue to depend on agriculture to feed themselves and the rest of the world population, the challenge is for agriculture to produce the needed food and raw material for industry with minimum harm to the environment and the society, and to produce it with maximum efficiency and resilience against abiotic and biotic stresses, including those arising from climate change. There is growing empirical and scientific evidence worldwide that the future global supplies of food and agricultural raw materials can be assured sustainably at much lower environmental and economic cost by shifting away from conventional tillage-based food and agriculture systems to no-till CA-based food and agriculture systems. To achieve this goal will require effective national and global policy and institutional support (including research and education).

INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOR OH. Experiences of international networks for collaborative education and research using the One Health approach.

The Authors describe first-hand experiences carried out within the framework of selected International projects aimed at developing collaborative research and education using the One Health (OH) approach. Special emphasis is given to SAPUVETNET, a series of projects co-financed under the EU-ALFA program, and aimed to support an International network on Veterinary Public Health (VPH) formed by Veterinary Faculties from Latin-America (LA) and Europe (EU). SAPUVETNET has envisaged a series of objectives/activities aimed at promoting and enhancing VPH research/training and intersectoral collaboration across LA and EU using the OH approach, as well as participating in research and/or education projects/networks under the OH umbrella, namely EURNEGVEC-European Network for Neglected Vectors & Vector-Borne Infections, CYSTINET-European Network on Taeniosis/Cysticercosis, and NEOH-Network for Evaluation of One Health; the latter includes expertise in multiple disciplines (e.g. ecology, economics, human and animal health, epidemiology, social and environmental sciences, etc.) and has the primary purpose of enabling quantitative evaluation of OH initiatives by developing a standardized evaluation protocol. The Authors give also an account of the ongoing creation of OHIN-OH International Network, founded as a spin-off result of SAPUVETNET. Finally, some examples of cooperation development projects characterised by an OH approach are also briefly mentioned.