Pine wilt disease and the pinewood nematode

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is one of the most damaging events affecting conifer forests (in particular Pinus spp.), in the Far East (Japan, China and Korea), North America (USA and Canada) and, more recently, in the European Union (Portugal). In Japan it became catastrophic, damaging native pine species (Pinus thunbergii and P. densiflora), and becoming the main forest problem, forcing some areas to be totally replaced by other tree species. The pine wilt nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, endemic, with minor damage, to North America, was introduced in Japan in the early XX century and then spread to Asia (China and Korea) in the 1980s. In 1999 it was detected for the first time in Portugal, where, due to timely detection and immediate government action, it was initially (1999-2008) contained to a small area 30 km SE of Lisbon. In 2008, the PWN spread again to central Portugal, the entire country now being classified as “affected area”. Being an A1 quarantine pest, the EU acted to avoid further PWN spreading and to eradicate it, by actions including financial support for surveyes and eradication, annual inspections and research programs. Experience from control actions in Japan included aerial spraying of insecticides to control the insect vector (the Cerambycid beetle Monochamus alternatus), injection of nematicides to the trunk of infected trees, slashing and burning of large areas out of control, beetle traps, biological control and tree breeding programs. These actions allowed some positive results, but also unsuccessful cases due to the PWN spread and virulence. Other Asian countries also followed similar strategies, but the nematode is still spreading in many regions. In Portugal, despite lower damage than Asia, PWD is still significant with high losses to the forestry industry. New ways of containing PWD include preventing movement of contaminated wood, cutting symptomatic trees and monitoring. Despite a national and EU legislative body, no successful strategy to control and eventually eradicate the nematode and the disease will prevail without sound scientific studies regarding the nematode and vector(s) bioecology and genetics, the ecology and ecophysiology of the pine tree species, P. pinaster and P. pinea , as well as the genomics and proteomics of pathogenicity (resistance/ susceptibility).

Currículo no ensino fundamental de nove anos: uma análise das possíveis mudanças curriculares nas séries iniciais da rede estadual de ensino de Santa Catarina - Brasil

Diante da medida política, de cunho educativo, de ampliação do Ensino Fundamental brasileiro de oito para nove anos de escolaridade obrigatória, esta investigação propôs-se analisar os reflexos desta deliberação na proposta curricular oficialmente prescrita. A questão da qual se ocupou este estudo, é portanto: Quais as mudanças de natureza curricular, nas Séries Iniciais da Rede Estadual de Ensino de Santa Catarina, decorrentes das alterações estabelecidas pela Lei n. 11.274? Este estudo caracteriza-se por uma pesquisa documental, de abordagem histórica e qualitativa, cujo método de investigação é a técnica de análise de conteúdo. A análise dos Documentos Preliminares de Seleção e Organização Curricular para as Séries Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental de Nove Anos, permitiu-nos inferir que não houve mudanças significativas na organização curricular quando comparada com a Proposta Curricular de Santa Catarina elaborada anteriormente; ### ABSTRACT: NINE YEARS ELEMENTARY EDUCATION CURRICULUM: An analysis of the possible curriculum changes in the Elementary School first grades in Santa Catarina State – Brazil This investigation purposes to examine the policy measure, in a educative way, of the brazilian Elementary Education extension, from eight to nine required years, as also this decision´s consequences in the officially prescribed curriculum proposal. The question which this study has engaged is, therefor: what are the results of the first grade of elementary school curricular changes in Santa Catarina, according with the law n. 11.274? This study describes a documentary research, with a historical and qualitative approach, which investigation method is a content analysis technique. The analysis of the Curricular Preliminary Selection and Organization Documents to the Nine Years Elementary Education allowed us to conclude that no meaning changes have occurred in the curricular organizaton, when compared with the previous proposal.

Representaciones sociales de la depresión de los habitantes del barrio la legua de Santiago de Chile

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo aprehender y analizar las representaciones sociales sobre la depresión elaboradas por los habitantes del barrio La Legua en Santiago de Chile. Participaron en esta investigación 200 habitantes del barrio La Legua, de ambos sexos, mayores de 18 años. Los dispositivos de recogida de datos fueron el Cuestionario de Asociación Libre de Palabras y el Inventario de Depresión de Beck BDI-II. Los datos obtenidos por el cuestionario fueron tratados por medio de los software Evoc, Simi y Tri-Deux y analizados de acuerdo al abordaje estructural de las representaciones sociales y análisis factorial de correspondecia (AFC). Los datos obtenidos por medio del BDI-II fueron procesados a través del software SPSS. En las conclusiones se problematiza la relación entre los distintos factores asociados a la depresión en el contexto particular de La Legua y las representaciones sociales construidas por sus habitantes. Se observó que los elementos de mayor consensualidad fueron tristeza, angustia, problemas y enfermedad. Las divergencias fueron moderadas. Se percibe que para los habitantes del barrio La Legua la depresión está fuertemente asociada a la esfera afectiva, pero se infiere que también es el resultado de la complejidad del entorno social; RESUMO: Esta pesquisa teve como objectivo principal apreender e analisar as representações sociais da depressão desenvolvidas pelos habitantes do bairro La Legua no Santiago de Chile. Participaram na pesquisa 200 habitantes do bairro, de ambos os sexos, com mais de 18 anos. A recolha de dados foi feita através de questionário, utilizando a Técnica de Associação Livre de Palavras e Beck Depression Inventory BDI-II. Os dados obtidos por associação livre de palavras foram tratados usando software Evoc, Simi e Tri-Deux e analisados segundo a abordagem estrutural das representações sociais e análise fatorial de correspondência (AFC). Os dados obtidos pelo BDI-II foram processados através do software SPSS. As conclusões questionam a relação entre os diferentes factores associados à depressão no contexto particular do bairro La Legua e as representações sociais desenvolvidas pelos seus habitantes. Observou-se que os elementos de maior consensualidade foram a tristeza, a angústia, os problemas e a doença. As divergências encontradas foram moderadas. Percebe-se que para os habitantes do bairro La Legua a depressão está fortemente associada à esfera afectiva mas infere-se igualmente que também resulta da complexidade do meio social; ABSTRACT: This research aims to understand and analyze social representations of depression held by inhabitants of La Legua neighborhood in Santiago, Chile. A total of 200 inhabitants, of both genders older than 18 years of age participated in the study. The instruments used were: Free Technique of Word Association and Beck Depression Inventory BDI-II. The data obtained by the free technique of word association were processed using software Evoc, Simi and Tri-Deux and analyzed through the structural perspective of the social representations and the factorial analysis of correspondence (AFC). The data obtained by the BDI-II were processed using software SPSS. In conclusion, the discussion is about the association of the different factors of depression in this specific context and the social representations elaborated by the inhabitants of La Legua neighborhood. It was observed that the most consensuality elements were sadness, anxiety, problems and disease. The differences were moderate. It is perceived that for inhabitants of La Legua neighborhood depression is strongly associated with the affective sphere, but it appears that it is also the result of the complexity of the social environment.