Base de dados e chaves electrónicas (ekeys): ferramentas úteis no diagnóstico e identificação de nemátodes fitoparasitas

Com o desenvolvimento das tecnologias de computação, o acesso à informação digital nos diversos domínios científicos tem revolucionado e facilitado a obtenção e utilização rápida de dados biológicos. Nos últimos anos, várias bases de dados (catálogos electrónicos) têm sido desenvolvidas, servindo de portal à biodiversidade existente em diversas áreas do globo (ex. Fauna Europaea, Tree of Life). Este tipo de informação permite a manutenção e a catalogação da biodiversidade existente a nível global; particularmente a biodiversidade de florestas, áreas cultivadas, ecossistemas aquáticos, bem como de espécies exóticas/invasivas encontradas nos diversos ecossistemas. Em 1999, foi detectada pela primeira vez, em Portugal e na Europa, o nemátode da madeira do pinheiro (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, espécie de quarentena e classificada como A1 pela EPPO), associado ao pinheiro bravo (Pinus pinaster). Na sequência deste trabalho foram desenvolvidas diversas bases de dados, nomeadamente para as espécies do género Bursaphelenchus e outros géneros com espécies de elevado interesse económico (Aphelenchoides, Dolichodorus); bem como para outros grupos de espécies com especial interesse biológico (Laimaphelenchus, Parasitaphelenchus). A reunião deste tipo de informação possibilita a construção de matrizes, e a determinação dos caracteres diagnósticos mais importantes para a identificação das espécies, posteriormente utilizados na elaboração de chaves electrónicas politómicas (com base no sistema PICKEY, Dianov & Lobanov). A utilização e versatilidade deste sistema, nomeadamente para o diagnóstico e a identificação de nemátodes fitoparasitas de elevado interesse económico, é demonstrada como exemplo

Mathilde Bensaude, Portugal´s pioneer Plant Pathologist,

"...the farmers seen to take well to me and not mind my being a woman." (Mathilde Bensaúde , 1920, north Portugal, during de seed potato campaing).

Pine wilt disease: global issues, trade and economic impact

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is perhaps the most serious threat to pine forests worldwide. Since it´s discovery in the early XXth century by Japanese forest researchers, and the relationship with its causative agent, the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in the 1970s, PWD has wreaked havoc wherever it appears. Firstly in the Far East (Japan, China and Korea) and now, more recently in 1999, in the EU (Portugal). The forest sector in Portugal plays a major role in the Portuguese economy with a 12% contribution to the industrial gross domestic product, 3.2% of the gross domestic product, 10% of foreign trade and 5% of national employment. Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) is one of the most important pine productions, and industrial activity, such as the production of wood and resin, as well as coastal protection associated with sand dunes. Also, stone pine (Pinus pinea) plays an important role in the economy with a share derived from the exports of high-quality pineon seed. Thus, the tremendous economical and ecological impact of the introduction of a pest and pathogen such as the PWN, although as far as is known, the only species susceptible to the nematode is maritime pine. Immediately following detection, the research team involved (Univ. Évora, INIAP) informed the national plant quarantine and forest authorities, which relayed the information to Brussels and the appropriate EU authorities. A task force (GANP), followed by a national program (PROLUNP) was established. Since then, national surveys have been taking place, involving MADRP (Ministry of Agriculture), the University of Évora and several private corporations (e.g. UNAC). Forest growers in the area are particularly interested and involved since the area owned by the growers organizations totals 700 000 ha, largely affected by PWD. Detection of the disease has led to serious consequences and restrictions regarding exploration and commercialization of wood. A precautionary phytosanitary strip, 3 km-wide, has been recently (2007) established surrounding the affected area. The Portuguese government, through its national program PROLUNP, has been deeply involved since 1999, and in conjunction with the EU (Permanent Phytosanitary Committee, and FVO) and committed to controlling this nematode and the potential spread to the rest of the country and to the rest of the EU. The global impact of the presence of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus or the threat of its introduction and the resulting pine wilt disease in forested areas in different parts of the world is of increasing concern economically. The concern is exacerbated by the prevailing debate on climate change and the putative impact this could have on the vulnerability of the world’s pine forests to this disease. The scientific and regulatory approach taken in different jurisdictions to the threat of pine wilt disease varies from country to country depending on the perceived vulnerability of their pine forests to the disease and/or to the economic cost due to lost trade in wood products. Much of the research surrounding pine wilt disease has been located in the northern hemisphere, especially in southern Europe and in the warmer, coastal, Asian countries. However, there is an increased focus on this problem also in those countries in the southern hemisphere where plantations of susceptible pine have been established over the years. The forestry sector in Australia and New Zealand are on “high alert” for this disease and are practicing strict quarantine procedures at all ports of entry for wood products. As well, there is heightened awareness, as there is worldwide, for the need to monitor wood packaging materials for all imported goods. In carrying out the necessary monitoring and assessment of products for B. xylophilus and its vectors substantial costs are incurred especially when decisions have to be made rapidly and regardless of whether the outcome is positive or negative. Australia’s response recently to the appearance of some dying pines in a plantation illustrated the high sensitivity of some countries to this disease. Some $200,000 was spent on the assessment in order to save a potential loss of millions of dollars to the disease. This rapid, co-ordinated response to the report was for naught, because once identified it was found not to be B. xylophilus. This illustrates the particular importance of taking the responsibility at all levels of management to secure the site and the need of a rapid, reliable diagnostic method for small nematode samples for use in the field. Australia is particularly concerned about the vulnerability of its 1million hectares of planted forests, 80% of which are Pinus species, to attack from incursions of one or more species of the insect vector. Monochamus alternatus incursions in wood pallets have been reported from Brisbane, Queensland. The climate of this part of Australia is such that the Pinus plantations are particularly vulnerable to the potential outcome of such incursions, and the state of Queensland is developing a risk management strategy and a proactive breeding programme in response to this putative threat. New Zealand has 1.6 million hectares of planted forests and 89% of the commercial forest is Pinus radiata. Although the climate where these forests are located tends to be somewhat cooler than that in Australia the potential for establishment and development of the disease in that country is believed to be high. The passage alone of 200,000 m³/year of wood packaging through New Zealand ports is itself sufficient to require response. The potential incursion of insect vectors of pinewood nematode through the port system is regarded as high and is monitored carefully. The enormous expansion of global trade and the continued use of unprocessed/inadequately-processed wood for packaging purposes is a challenge for all trading nations as such wood packaging material often harbours disease or pest species. The extent of this problem is readily illustrated by the expanding economies and exports of countries in south-east Asia. China. Japan and Korea have significant areas of forestland infested with B. xylophilus. These countries too are among the largest exporting countries of manufactured goods. Despite the attempts of authorities to ensure that only properly treated wood is used in the crating and packaging of goods B. xylophilus and/or its insect vector infested materials is being recorded at ports worldwide. This reminds us, therefore, of the ease with which this nematode pest can gain access to forest lands in new geographic locations through inappropriate use, treatment or monitoring of wood products. It especially highlights the necessity to find an alternative to using low-grade lumber for packaging purposes. Lest we should believe that all wood products are always carriers of B. xylophilus and its vectors, it should be remembered that international trade of all kinds has occurred for thousands of years and that lumber-born pests and diseases do not have worldwide distribution. Other physico-biological factors have a significant role in the occurrence, establishment and sustainability of a disease. The question is often raised as to why the whole of southern Europe doesn’t already have B. xylophilus and pine wilt disease. European countries have traded with countries that are infested with B. xylophilus for hundreds of years. Turkey is an example of a country that appears to be highly vulnerable to pine wilt disease due to its extensive forests in the warm, southern region where the vector, Monochamus galloprovincialis, occurs. However, there is no record of the presence of B. xylophilus occurring there despite the importation of substantial quantities of wood from several countries In many respects, Portugal illustrates both the challenge and the dilemma. In recent times B. xylophilus was discovered there in the warm coastal region. The research, administrative and quarantine authorities responded rapidly and B. xylophilus appears to have been confined to the region in which it was found. The rapid response would seem to have “saved the day” for Portugal. Nevertheless, it raises again the long-standing questions, how long had B. xylophilus been in Portugal before it was found? If Lisbon was the port of entry, which seems very likely, why had B. xylophilus not entered Lisbon many years earlier and established populations and the pine wilt disease? Will the infestation in Portugal be sustainable and will it spread or will it die out within a few years? We still do not have sufficient understanding of the biology of this pest to know the answers to these questions.

Pine Wilt Disease: A Threat to Pine Forests in Turkey?

The pinewood nematode, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, a serious threat to native pine forest in eastern Asia (Japan, Korea, China and Taiwan) and some parts of North America (USA, Canada and Mexico). In 1999, this nematode was found and identified for the first time in Portugal and in Europe. The detection of this quarantine pest in Portugal has indicated the need to know more about the distribution of Bursaphelenchus spp. in coniferous trees in Europe in order to describe the geographic range of the species and to act quickly in case of the nematode’s unwanted introduction into other European regions. Pine forest has a wide distribution in Turkey that increases the number of susceptible host trees for pinewood nematode. Because of these resaons, some regions of Turkey were surveyed for the presence of the nematode. Three different species of Bursaphelenchus were found. However, B. xylophilus was not detected. The detection of B. mucronatus, very similar to B. xylophilus biologically and morphologically, is very important. The presence of this species indicates that B. xylophilus could spread easly in conifer forests of Turkey. A study was conducted to determine the pathogenicity of B. mucronatus and 80% of seedlings of P. sylvestris were wilted. Biological characteristics of M. galloprovincialis were compared with M. carolinensis, Nort American vector, and some of them were found to be similar.

Pine wilt disease and the pinewood nematode

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is one of the most damaging events affecting conifer forests (in particular Pinus spp.), in the Far East (Japan, China and Korea), North America (USA and Canada) and, more recently, in the European Union (Portugal). In Japan it became catastrophic, damaging native pine species (Pinus thunbergii and P. densiflora), and becoming the main forest problem, forcing some areas to be totally replaced by other tree species. The pine wilt nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, endemic, with minor damage, to North America, was introduced in Japan in the early XX century and then spread to Asia (China and Korea) in the 1980s. In 1999 it was detected for the first time in Portugal, where, due to timely detection and immediate government action, it was initially (1999-2008) contained to a small area 30 km SE of Lisbon. In 2008, the PWN spread again to central Portugal, the entire country now being classified as “affected area”. Being an A1 quarantine pest, the EU acted to avoid further PWN spreading and to eradicate it, by actions including financial support for surveyes and eradication, annual inspections and research programs. Experience from control actions in Japan included aerial spraying of insecticides to control the insect vector (the Cerambycid beetle Monochamus alternatus), injection of nematicides to the trunk of infected trees, slashing and burning of large areas out of control, beetle traps, biological control and tree breeding programs. These actions allowed some positive results, but also unsuccessful cases due to the PWN spread and virulence. Other Asian countries also followed similar strategies, but the nematode is still spreading in many regions. In Portugal, despite lower damage than Asia, PWD is still significant with high losses to the forestry industry. New ways of containing PWD include preventing movement of contaminated wood, cutting symptomatic trees and monitoring. Despite a national and EU legislative body, no successful strategy to control and eventually eradicate the nematode and the disease will prevail without sound scientific studies regarding the nematode and vector(s) bioecology and genetics, the ecology and ecophysiology of the pine tree species, P. pinaster and P. pinea , as well as the genomics and proteomics of pathogenicity (resistance/ susceptibility).

Bursaphelenchus pinophilus Brzeski & Baujard, 1997 (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchinae) associated with nematangia on Pityogenes bidentatus (Herbst, 1783) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), from the Czech Republic

The occurrence of Bursaphelenchus species in the Czech Republic is poorly known, the first report of the genus being made by Kubátová et al. (2000) who reported the association of B. eremus with the hyphomycetous microfungus, Esteya vermicola, and the bark beetle, Scolytus intricatus, collected from Quercus robur, in central Bohemia. To date, four other species have been reported from the country, namely B. fungivorus (Braasch et al., 2002), B. hofmanni (see Braasch, 2001), B. mucronatus (see Braasch, 2001) and B. vallesianus (Gaar et al., 2006). More recently, a survey for Bursaphelenchus species associated with bark- and wood-boring insects in the Czech Republic identified B. pinophilus Brzeski & Baujard, 1997 from the Moravia region. Although this represents a new country record, it was also associated with nematangia on the hind wings of a new insect vector. A total of 404 bark- and wood-boring insects were collected from declining or symptomatic trees and screened for the presence of Bursaphelenchus. Bark and longhorn beetles were captured manually after debarking parts of the trunk displaying symptoms of insect attacks. Longhorn beetle larvae were also collected together with logs cut from the trunk. Logs were kept at room temperature in the laboratory until insect emergence. Each adult insect was individually dissected in water and examined for nematodes. All nematodes resembling dauer juveniles of Bursaphelenchus were collected and identified by molecular characterisation using a region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) containing the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2. ITS-RFLP analyses using five restriction enzymes (AluI, HaeIII, HinfI, MspI, RsaI) were performed to generate the species-specific profile according to Burgermeister et al. (2009). Species identification was also confirmed by morphological data after culture of the dauers on Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Ft., growing in 5% malt extract agar. During this survey, only species belonging to the Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae, revealed the presence of nematodes belonging to Bursaphelenchus. Dauers of this genus were found aggregated under the elytra in nematangia formed at the root of the hind wings (Fig. 1). The dauers were identified from 12 individuals of Pityogenes bidentatus (Herbst, 1783) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) collected under the bark of Pinus sylvestris trunks. Each insect carried ca 10-100 dauers. The ITS-RFLP patterns of the dauers so obtained confirmed the identification of B. pinophilus associated with this insect species. Bursaphelenchus pinophilus has been found mainly in Europe and has been reported from various countries such as Poland (Brzeski & Baujard, 1997), Germany (Braasch, 2001), and Portugal (Penas et al., 2007). The recent detection of this species associated with dead P. koraiensis in Korea (Han et al., 2009) expands its geographical distribution and potential importance. It has been found associated only with Pinus species, but very little is known about the insect vector. The bark beetle, Hylurgus ligniperda, was initially suggested as the insect vector by Pe-nas et al. (2006), although the nematode associated with this insect was later reclassified as B. sexdentati by morphological and molecular analysis (Penas et al., 2007). According to the literature, P. bidentatus has been cited as a vector of Ektaphelenchus sp. (Kakuliya, 1966) in Georgia, and an unidentified nematode species in Spain (Roberston et al., 2008). Interestingly, B. pinophilus was found in the nematangia formed at the root of the hind wings of P. bidentatus. Although this phenomenon is not so common in other Bursaphelenchus species, B. rufipennis has been found recently in such a structure on the hind wings of the insect Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kanzaki et al., 2008). Although other nematode species (e.g., Ektaphelenchus spp.) are frequently found associated within the same nematangia (see Kanzaki et al., 2008), in this particular case, only dauers of B. pinophilus were identified. The association between B. pinophilus and P. bidentatus represents the first report of this biological association and the association with the Scolytinae strengthens the tight and specific links between this group of Bursaphelenchus species and members of the Scolytinae (Ryss et al., 2005).

Portugal e Brasil – dois países, quantas línguas? Critérios para a Definição de Entidades Linguísticas no Espaço Lusófono

A identificação de critérios para a definição de entidades linguísticas é complexa. No espaço lusófono, tal definição tem associadas consequências em termos linguísticos e sócio-políticos que se procuram caracterizar no presente trabalho, em que se recorre a dados da Aquisição das normas europeia e brasileira do Português para responder a uma questão complexa: quantas línguas existem no espaço da lusofonia? A principal conclusão é a de estamos (ainda) perante uma única entidade linguística a que chamamos "língua", apesar das diferenças que aqui são apontadas e caracterizadas.

A rede de ensino superior em Portugal e o Território: o Caso do Alentejo

Da existência de instituições de ensino superior (IES) nas cidades e nas regiões decorrem efeitos variados que influenciam as dinâmicas sociais e económicas locais. Entre os efeitos mais significativos, e duradoiros, que resultam desta presença, destaca- se a possibilidade de melhorar a qualificação dos recursos humanos. Está demonstrado que territórios com populações mais qualificadas são mais desenvolvidos e, por isso, registam melhores níveis de qualidade de vida. Desta forma, a localização de IES pode ser mais relevante em territórios com níveis de desenvolvimento mais débeis, posicionando-se, nestes casos, como factor de promoção do desenvolvimento. Neste trabalho, que analisa de forma genérica o caso português, e o Alentejo em particular, procuramos avaliar a correlação entre a existência de IES num território e os respectivos níveis de desenvolvimento e qualidade de vida, de modo a consubstanciar o papel das IES enquanto instrumentos de coesão territorial.

THE TEACHING ABOUT THE CARE OF THE ELDERLY IN NURSING TRAINING: THE SITUATION IN PORTUGAL

This paper aims to look at the teaching situation of the nursing undergraduate degree’s courses about eldercare in Portugal. A documentary research on the teaching programs in 39 nursing schools, 26 schools presented syllabus units related to the topic ‘eldercare’ and in eight of these schools the contents of the units were identified. Using textual analysis and from the categories we concluded that the teaching regarding eldercare for the nurse training in Portugal is focused on hospital care; it is directed to the adult/elderly/family; it explores the definitions related to the aging process; it explores community issues, legislation and research. People responsible for the design/monitoring of teaching programs should include teaching regarding eldercare in the nurse training, considering that the elder population is increasing in Portugal.

CAPACITAR O DOENTE PARA A GESTÃO DA DOR

“CAPACITAR O DOENTE PARA A GESTÃO DA DOR” INTRODUÇÃO: Este Programa surge no âmbito do projeto de doutoramento em Enfermagem em que se pretende estudar o efeito de um Programa de Intervenção de Enfermagem na capacidade de gestão da dor por parte do doente oncológico com doença avançada e/ou do cuidador informal em domicilio. JUSTIFICAÇÃO: Um dos sintomas mais frequentes no doente oncológico com doença avançada é a dor. Segundo Palliative Care in European, a dor oncológica, tem uma importância especial porque o cancro é a segunda causa de morte em Portugal e por existir dor moderada a intensa em mais de 90% dos doentes em situação oncológica terminal. O desenvolvimento de um programa estruturado de intervenção de enfermagem que vá de encontro às necessidades do doente oncológico com doença avançada e/ou cuidador, relativamente à gestão da dor, poderá ter um impacto muito significativo no controlo da dor e de outros sintomas. Foi realizada pesquisa relativamente às duas teorias que suportam o estudo, a Teoria de Gestão de Sintomas e a Teoria dos Sintomas Desagradáveis. O Modelo de Gestão de sintomas, foi introduzido em 1994 na Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Francisco na Califórnia, tendo sido revisto em 2001 por (Dodd; JANSON et al.). Foram então, desenvolvidos estudos científicos para a construção de um modelo baseado na evidência científica e também para comparar e contrastar os conceitos dos sintomas, com essa revisão, surge então a Teoria de Gestão de Sintomas. A Teoria de Gestão de Sintomas tem três conceitos essenciais: a experiência de sintomas, as estratégias de gestão de sintomas, e os resultados dos estados dos sintomas. A experiência de sintomas é conceptualizada enquanto algo que influencia e é influenciado tanto pelas estratégias de gestão de sintomas, como pelos resultados dos estados dos sintomas. A Teoria Dos Sintomas Desagradáveis, apresenta três conceitos principais: o (s) sintoma (s), fatores que influenciam e resultados de desempenho. Os sintomas podem ocorrer quer isoladamente, ou em combinação com outros sintomas. Em algumas situações, um sintoma pode preceder ou possivelmente dar origem a outro. Na Teoria Dos Sintomas Desagradáveis, os sintomas são conceptualizados como manifestando múltiplas dimensões e variáveis mensuráveis. Todos os sintomas variam em intensidade ou gravidade, grau de sofrimento associado, duração, e qualidade (Liehr & Smith, 2008). OBJETIVO Implementar um programa de Intervenção de Enfermagem para capacitar o doente na gestão da dor PALAVRAS CHAVES: Programa Educativo; Doente oncológico; dor oncológica MATERIAL A implementação do programa tem a duração prevista para 6 semanas. Compreende duas sessões educativas, três telefonemas e uma sessão de avaliação final. MÉTODOS 1.3 Trabalho de campo/empírico desenvolvido ao longo do semestre Durante dois meses, foi desenvolvido trabalho de campo no Hospital de dia, serviço de Oncologia, onde foi iniciada a investigação, relativamente à identificação de doentes oncológicos em situação de doença avançada. Para a identificação destes doentes assistiu a consultas de oncologia, com diferentes médicos, surgindo uma amostra intencional. O objetivo deste trabalho, foi certificar a existência de doentes oncológicos com doença avançada, prevendo uma média de doentes que se encontram a ser acompanhados naquele serviço. Como resultados e não esgotando a população, foram identificados cinquenta e nove doentes, a maioria do sexo feminino, com uma média de idade nos 65 anos, as neoplasias mais frequentes são a neoplasia do intestino e da mama. Todos os doentes apresentam metastização, sendo a localização mais frequente, o fígado, pulmão e osso. A maioria dos doentes apresenta capacidade de auto - cuidado e disponibilidade para a informação e ensino. A dor física não é referida como sintoma principal, mas como um mal-estar generalizado. O programa foi elaborado, após uma Revisão sistemática de Literatura, com base no programa “ THE PRO-SELF”, nas Orientações Genéricas preconizadas pelo Plano Nacional de Luta Contra a dor e na Intervenção de enfermagem “Controle da Dor” da Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC). RESULTADOS Foi feita uma aplicação em pré-teste do programa num serviço de oncologia, a três doentes oncológicos com doença avançada em domicílio. No início os doentes não apresentavam informação relativamente à gestão da dor, no final demonstraram capacidade para a monitorização da dor e de outros sintomas e para a gestão da terapêutica, realizando os registos num diário de bordo. A proximidade da morte e a alteração do estado de consciência interferem na autonomia e na tomada de decisão. CONCLUSÕES A aplicação deste programa deverá ter início numa fase mais precoce e não só na fase final de doença.

El cuidador familiar de la persona con depresión

Objetivos:caracterizar la depresión en la perspectiva del familiar;identificar los efectos de la conducta del paciente en el familiar;describir las estrategias utilizadas por el familiar para cuidar del paciente con depresión.Método: diseño de la investigación es de naturaleza cualitativa y inductiva, usando la Teoría Fundamentada. Investigación tuvo lugar en 2 polos de las consultas externas del Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Hospital de Évora, Portugal, en 2 ciudades diferentes, durante Febrero y Julio, 2009. La selección de participantes se hizo mediante la muestra no probabilística intencional de acuerdo con los criterios: ser familiar de una persona con diagnóstico clínico de reacción depresiva breve o prolongada(CIE-9);vivir con el paciente que sufre de depresión;tener capacidad cognitiva que permite la recogida de información; participación voluntaria en el estudio. Se realizaron entrevistas narrativas semiestructuradas a 12 familiares, 9 hombres y 3 mujeres . Las entrevistas se llevaron a cabo en los hogares, fueran grabadas en audio y transcritas por mí. Resultados:la codificación axial nos permitió identificar 3 categorías: 1ª- características de la depresión- Para el familiar la depresión es una enfermedad extraña que a veces no parece ser una enfermedad, sino más bien una falta de voluntad para hacer algo; el paciente tiene un comportamiento conflictivo e inconstante, deja de invertir en las relaciones familiares, se aísla y deja de hacer las tareas del hogar; el paciente no hace un esfuerzo por mejorar. 2ª cambios en los familiares -hay cambios en los roles, los niños asumen el papel de los padres y los hombres el papel de la mujeres. Los miembros de la familia están tristes, y algunos tienen manifestaciones somáticas y comportamientos depresivos.No comprenden lo que está sucediendo y no saben cómo manejar la situación.Los niños tienen fracaso escolar y los adultos tienen falta de concentración en el trabajo.Los miembros de la familia saben que su comportamiento ha cambiado, hay menos diálogo, tienen menos tolerancia e se irritan más fácilmente. 3ª estrategias de cuidado- hay dos estrategias para el cuidado, la comprensión y el conflicto. La comprensión es utilizada por los niños, a través de palabras de aliento y pequeños juegos. El conflicto es utilizado por los adultos obligando el paciente a realizar las actividades del hogar, a participar en actividades sociales y asumir su papel en la familia. Discusión:Cuando hay una persona con depresión en la familia todo cambia y los familiares tienen que cuidarla, porque el hospital es un recurso de última línea y es en el hogar que lo paciente se queda. Pero la familia no sabe cómo hacerlo y de hecho las enfermeras no prestan mucha atención a los cuidadores.Es necesario que las enfermeras saben las dificultades que enfrentan las familias para que puedan ayudar a cuidar de su familiar con la depresión a través del enseno de lo que es la depresión, sus manifestaciones, tratamiento y su pronóstico. Junto con los miembros de la familia, las enfermeras pueden ayudar a definir los planes de acción para la adaptación al rol de cuidador.Ayudar al cuidador a cuidar en armonía es una función de enfermería que se traduce en beneficios en la salud y el bienestar de la familia.

El proceso de transición del familiar, a cuidador de la persona con depresión

El proceso de transición del familiar, a cuidador de la persona con depresión Método: diseño de la investigación es de naturaleza cualitativa y inductiva, usando la Teoría Fundamentada. Investigación tuvo lugar en 2 polos de las consultas externas del Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Hospital de Évora, Portugal, en 2 ciudades diferentes, durante Febrero y Julio, 2009. La selección de participantes se hizo mediante la muestra no probabilística intencional de acuerdo con los criterios: adulto y/o anciano con un diagnóstico clínico de reacción depresiva breve o prolongada (CIE-9); vivir con familiares; capacidad cognitiva para permitir la recogida de datos; participación voluntaria del paciente y su familia. Se realizaron entrevistas narrativas semiestructuradas a 8 familias, correspondientes a 20 participantes. Resultados: la codificación axial nos permitió identificar 2 categorías: 1ª- narrativa de la enfermedad (inicio, causas, manifestaciones y la caracterización de la depresión). El inicio es identificado por la familia y el paciente, mientras que las causas se identifican sólo por el paciente. Para el familiar la depresión se manifiesta por comportamientos agresivos, aislamiento, desinversión y pasividad; para el paciente, se manifiesta por señales somáticas, pérdida de la voluntad, tristeza, miedo y aislamiento. Para el familiar es una cosa mala porque destruye las relaciones familiares y manipuladora porque es una manera de conseguir lo que el paciente quiere; para el paciente es una cosa de la cabeza, que no se ve, es inconstante y cambia a la persona. 2ª- estrategias de cuidado (escape, indiferencia, conflicto, chantaje).Como manera de cuidar, el familiar está menos tiempo en el hogar para evitar conflictos, aumenta el consumo de alcohol como vía de escape, ignora la conducta del paciente para no molestarlo, como una forma de estimular exige que el paciente haga actividades, y niega actividades sociales si el paciente no lo acompaña, para que él se aísle menos. A veces responsabiliza al paciente por la inestabilidad de la familia, intentando así ayudarle a ser consciente de su comportamiento. No participa en las consultas médicas para que el paciente se sienta más cómodo y rara vez participa en las tareas del hogar, también para que el paciente haga alguna actividad. Discusión: de alguna manera los familiares cambian, para atender a las necesidades del paciente y el papel de cuidador se construye cada día en la interacción entre las personas que cohabitan, de modo que el cuidado tendrá características particulares. Todo lo que el familiar hace, tiene la intención de ayudar al paciente a mejorar y superar su depresión a través de un modo diferente de cuidado. Algunas veces hay un sentimiento de culpa, como consecuencia no de haber cometido una mala acción, sino por haber tenido un comportamiento más duro con el paciente y no saber se eso es lo correcto. Así, es muy importante la intervención de enfermería para que los cuidadores reciban orientaciones y apoyo y la transición se haga armoniosamente.

Quality of cherry ‘Sweetheart’ from different regions of Portugal and Spain (Cova da Beira, Portalegre and Valle del Jerte).

Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) ‘Sweetheart’ were harvested at different production regions from Portugal (Cova da Beira and Portalegre) and Spain (Valle de Jerte). Cherries were harvested at their commercial maturation according to the empirical knowledge of external color corresponding to good quality. Fruits were stored and evaluated in order to study their quality on the harvest day and during a period of 21 days, at cold storage (1 ºC, 95% RH). The sweet cherry ‘Sweetheart’ is a well known variety and a highly appreciated one but fruits present a short shelf life. On the other hand the effect of different “terroir” on cherry characteristics should be known and clarified. Fruits from day 0, considered without storage, were kept at 20ºC and analyzed. Every weak, 3 replicas were randomly picked up and 10 fruits from each one were submitted to several analyses after fruit temperature stabilized at 20ºC. Several quality parameters were evaluated: external color (L*, a*, b*), texture, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA) and the ratio between soluble solid contents (SSC) and tritratable acidity (TA). Fruits from different orchards and locations were significantly different according to these parameters. Fruits from Cova da Beira were less firm comparing with other two regions, Valle de Jerte and Portalegre, which may indicate a higher maturation rate at harvest in those fruits. This is in accordance with SSC/titratable acidity rate suggesting a late harvest in Cova da Beira comparing with other two orchards, however fruits from Cova da Beira exhibit a poor color at harvest. These results clearly showed a lower correlation between SSC and firmness considering fruits origin.

O potencial de produção e comercialização de uvas "D. Maria" em Portugal

A produção de uva de mesa “Dona Maria”, casta 100% nacional criada e obtida nos anos 50 na antiga Estação Agronómica Nacional, em Oeiras, pelo engenheiro-agrónomo Leão Ferreira de Almeida, vem decrescendo ano após ano como resultado do desinteresse e abandono por parte dos agricultores. É uma uva muito doce, com bagos grandes e apreciada pelos portugueses que sentem cada vez mais dificuldades em encontrá-la no mercado. Este estudo de caso tem como objetivos verificar o porquê de tão pouca produção desta uva por parte dos agricultores e sugerir através de ferramentas e estratégias de marketing formas de fazer com que a uva seja mais conhecida e consumida pelo mercado português. No intuito de valorizar e consumir o que é nacional, a uva “Dona Maria” é uma excelente opção para o consumo em fresco ou na forma de passa, em cantinas de escolas e universidades. Os investimentos em novas tecnologias de produção e investigação por parte dos produtores também são uma boa opção para rentabilizar a casta e fazer com que ela não desapareça do mercado, o que seria desastroso na perspectiva cultural e económica; ### Abstract: The production of the table grape “Dona Maria”, a 100% national Portuguese grape variety, created and produced in the 1950s in the former National Agricultural Station (EAN) in Oeiras, Portugal, by Leão Ferreira de Almeida, has been decreasing year after year as a result of lack of interest and abandonment on behalf of producers. It is a very sweet grape with big berries and is highly appreciated by the Portuguese, who find it ever more difficult to find it in the marketplace. This case study´s objectives were to investigate the shortage of production by growers, and to suggest through marketing strategies and tools, ways to make this grape better known and more consumed by the Portuguese market. Within the scope of highlighting and promoting this national product, “Dona Maria” grape is an excellent option either as a fresh consumable or raisin in school and university restaurants. Investment in new production technologies and research are also a good choice and direction to promote the variety and avoid its disappearance from the market, which would be disastrous both culturally and economically.

Medication regimen complexity in institutionalized elderly people in an aging society

Background Complex medication regimens may adversely affect compliance and treatment outcomes. Complexity can be assessed with the medication regimen complexity index (MRCI), which has proved to be a valid, reliable tool, with potential uses in both practice and research. Objective To use the MRCI to assess medication regimen complexity in institutionalized elderly people. Setting Five nursing homes in mainland Portugal. Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional study of institutionalized elderly people (n = 415) was performed from March to June 2009, including all inpatients aged 65 and over taking at least one medication per day. Main outcome measure Medication regimen complexity index. Results The mean age of the sample was 83.9 years (±6.6 years), and 60.2 % were women. The elderly patients were taking a large number of drugs, with 76.6 % taking more than five medications per day. The average medication regimen complexity was 18.2 (±SD = 9.6), and was higher in the females (p < 0.001). The most decisive factors contributing to the complexity were the number of drugs and dosage frequency. In regimens with the same number of medications, schedule was the most relevant factor in the final score (r = 0.922), followed by pharmaceutical forms (r = 0.768) and additional instructions (r = 0.742). Conclusion Medication regimen complexity proved to be high. There is certainly potential for the pharmacist’s intervention to reduce it as part as the medication review routine in all the patients.