Pyramided lines of "carioca" common bean and their reaction to Pseudocercospora griseola.

The present work aimed to characterize lines produced by the Breeding Program of Common Bean (PMGF) of the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), called ?Ruda R3? and ?Pérola R1?, in reaction to different races of P. griseola.

Nutritional technological characterization and secondary metabolites in stored carioca bean cultivars.

The recommendation of bean cultivars and the use of appropriate storage techniques allow the quality characteristics of these grains to be preserved for human consumption. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of storage on three cultivars of the common carioca bean in raw form and to determine the relationships between storage time and technological quality parameters involved in the darkening and hardening of grains, the chemical composition of the beans and the presence of secondary metabolites. The experiment followed a completely randomized design (CRD) with a full factorial scheme consisting of two factors: bean cultivars, with three levels and storage time, with five levels. The color parameters and the storage times significantly differed between the cultivars. The cooking time, when compared to the water absorption index, indicated that the cultivars had, on average, a high percentage of moisture (>95%) and an average cooking time of 17 min., this applies to the control, while values increase during the storage time. Storage under ambient conditions led to a reduction in grain brightness parameters, characterized by darkening and hardening; no reduction in protein and mineral content; and an increase in iron, phosphorous, tannin, and phytic acid contents at 180 days.

BRSMG Uai: common bean cultivar with carioca grain type and upright plant architecture.

The common bean cultivar with carioca grain type, BRSMG Uai, is recommended for cultivation in Minas Gerais and stands out for its upright plant architecture, which facilitates cultivation and mechanical harvesting. This cultivar has high yield potential and is resistant to the major races of anthracnose that occur in region.

Unexpected seasonality in quantity and composition of Amazon rainforest air reactivity.

The hydroxyl radical (OH) removes most atmospheric pollutants from air. The loss frequency of OH radicals due to the combined effect of all gas-phase OH reactive species is a measureable quantity termed total OH reactivity. Here we present total OH reactivity observations in pristine Amazon rainforest air, as a function of season, time-of-day and height (0?80 m). Total OH reactivity is low during wet (10 s1) and high during dry season (62 s1). Comparison to individually measured trace gases reveals strong variation in unaccounted for OH reactivity, from 5 to 15% missing in wet-season afternoons to mostly unknown (average 79%) during dry season. During dry-season afternoons isoprene, considered the dominant reagent with OH in rainforests, only accounts for B20% of the total OH reactivity. Vertical profiles of OH reactivity are shaped by biogenic emissions, photochemistry and turbulent mixing. The rainforest floor was identified as a significant but poorly characterized source of OH reactivity.

Variabilidade da concentração média de CO2 acima da floresta Amazônica durante a noite associada a distintos regimes turbulentos.

Estudou-se a Camada Limite Noturna ? CLN sobre área de floresta tropical primária a nordeste do Estado do Amazonas, no Observatório Amazônico da Torre Alta ? OATA ou Amazon Tall Tower Observatory ? ATTO. Foi aplicada a metodologia disponível na literatura que permitiu a caracterização da CLN em três regimes turbulentos: 1º) de turbulência fraca, com velocidade média do vento baixa; 2º) de turbulência forte, com velocidade do vento alta e, 3º) turbulência intermitente e condições de não estacionariedade. Existem variações sazonais nos valores de ?c? e ao passar de um regime para outro. Foram investigadas algumas das principais características estatísticas das concentrações de CO2 ? ?c? de cada um dos regimes turbulentos. ?c? aumenta levemente com a elevação do valor de uma escala característica de velocidade turbulenta, VTKE, até um valor limiar, VL, a partir do qual tem-se um aumento súbito nos valores de ?c?. Esses resultados têm importantes consequências para a parametrização de grandezas meteorológicas na CLN e modelagem do escoamento atmosférico na interface floresta-atmosfera.

Scalar turbulent behavior in the roughness sublayer of an Amazonian forest.

An important current problem in micrometeorology is the characterization of turbulence in the roughness sublayer (RSL), where most of the measurements above tall forests are made. There, scalar turbulent fluctuations display significant departures from the predictions of Monin?Obukhov similarity theory (MOST). In this work, we analyze turbulence data of virtual temperature, carbon dioxide, and water vapor in the RSL above an Amazonian forest (with a canopy height of 40 m), measured at 39.4 and 81.6 m above the ground under unstable conditions. We found that dimensionless statistics related to the rate of dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and the scalar variance display significant departures from MOST as expected, whereas the vertical velocity variance follows MOST much more closely. Much better agreement between the dimensionless statistics with the Obukhov similarity variable, however, was found for the subset of measurements made at a low zenith angle Z, in the range 0°  <  |Z|  <  20°. We conjecture that this improvement is due to the relationship between sunlight incidence and the ?activation?deactivation? of scalar sinks and sources vertically distributed in the forest. Finally, we evaluated the relaxation coefficient of relaxed eddy accumulation: it is also affected by zenith angle, with considerable improvement in the range 0°  <  |Z|  <  20°, and its values fall within the range reported in the literature for the unstable surface layer. In general, our results indicate the possibility of better stability-derived flux estimates for low zenith angle ranges.

Caracterização da variação do CO2 atmosférico em sistema ILPF no leste da Amazônia.

Diante dos impactos causados pela atividade agropecuária moderna, o sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ILPF) apresenta uma alternativa viável para o desenvolvimento agrícola, pastoril e silvicultor de modo que os mesmos se complementem e diminuam os impactos sobre o uso do solo. A conversão para sistemas ILPF pode causar alterações na cobertura do solo, fazendo com que o mesmo atue como fonte ou sumidouro de dióxido de carbono (CO2) da atmosfera. Nesse contexto, estudos acerca das mudanças climáticas constataram que o CO2 armazenado na biosfera terrestre, ao ser perdido por emissões, aumenta a concentração de gases do efeito estufa na atmosfera (GEE), como o CO2, podendo causar alterações climáticas a nível global e de ecossistema. As medições da concentração do CO2 ([CO2]) atmosférico podem indicar a resposta dos fatores bióticos às forçantes atmosféricas. As medidas do perfil vertical da [CO2] foram obtidas durante o período de 15 a 16 de junho de 2016, em sistemas de ILPF com teca e mogno africano, no município de Terra Alta, PA. Durante o dia houve menos estratificação entre os níveis instalados no mogno africano em relação a teca. [CO2] diminuiu a partir de 08:40, atingindo os menores valores às 10:00 e 13:00. A maior [CO2] foi ao amanhecer (05:30 horas) tanto no mogno africano quanto na teca. Em ambos, os níveis próximos ao chão apresentaram as maiores [CO2].

Fluxos de CO2 em cultivo da palma de óleo com híbridos interespecíficos (Elaeis guineensis Jacq. e Elaeis oleifera (Kunth) Cortés) no leste da Amazônia.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os fluxos de CO2 em cultivo de palma de óleo com híbrido interespecífico [Elaeis guineensis Jacq. e Elaeis oleifera (Kunth) Cortés] no leste da Amazônia. O estudo foi realizado na empresa Marborges Agroindústria S.A, Moju ? Pará, onde foi instalada uma torre micrometeorológica para obtenção de dados meteorológicos e de CO2 durante o período de janeiro-dezembro/2015. Foram obtidos maiores valores médios dos fluxos de CO2 no período chuvoso do que no período menos chuvoso. Houve maior absorção de CO2 durante o dia, quando ocorre predominantemente a fotossíntese, do que durante a noite quando ocorre o processo de respiração é dominante. O cultivo de palma de óleo, em geral, apresentou valores elevados de absorção de CO2.

Canopy-scale biophysical controls of transpiration and evaporation in the Amazon Basin.

Canopy and aerodynamic conductances (gC and gA) are two of the key land surface biophysical variables that control the land surface response of land surface schemes in climate models. Their representation is crucial for predicting transpiration (λET) and evaporation (λEE) flux components of the terrestrial latent heat flux (λE), which has important implications for global climate change and water resource management. By physical integration of radiometric surface temperature (TR) into an integrated framework of the Penman?Monteith and Shuttleworth?Wallace models, we present a novel approach to directly quantify the canopy-scale biophysical controls on λET and λEE over multiple plant functional types (PFTs) in the Amazon Basin. Combining data from six LBA (Large-scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia) eddy covariance tower sites and a TR-driven physically based modeling approach, we identified the canopy-scale feedback-response mechanism between gC, λET, and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (DA), without using any leaf-scale empirical parameterizations for the modeling. The TR-based model shows minor biophysical control on λET during the wet (rainy) seasons where λET becomes predominantly radiation driven and net radiation (RN) determines 75 to 80 % of the variances of λET. However, biophysical control on λET is dramatically increased during the dry seasons, and particularly the 2005 drought year, explaining 50 to 65 % of the variances of λET, and indicates λET to be substantially soil moisture driven during the rainfall deficit phase. Despite substantial differences in gA between forests and pastures, very similar canopy?atmosphere "coupling" was found in these two biomes due to soil moisture-induced decrease in gC in the pasture. This revealed the pragmatic aspect of the TR-driven model behavior that exhibits a high sensitivity of gC to per unit change in wetness as opposed to gA that is marginally sensitive to surface wetness variability. Our results reveal the occurrence of a significant hysteresis between λET and gC during the dry season for the pasture sites, which is attributed to relatively low soil water availability as compared to the rainforests, likely due to differences in rooting depth between the two systems. Evaporation was significantly influenced by gA for all the PFTs and across all wetness conditions. Our analytical framework logically captures the responses of gC and gA to changes in atmospheric radiation, DA, and surface radiometric temperature, and thus appears to be promising for the improvement of existing land?surface?atmosphere exchange parameterizations across a range of spatial scales.

Canopy-scale biophysical controls of transpiration and evaporation in the Amazon Basin.

Canopy and aerodynamic conductances (gC and gA) are two of the key land surface biophysical variables that control the land surface response of land surface schemes in climate models. Their representation is crucial for predicting transpiration (?ET) and evaporation (?EE) flux components of the terrestrial latent heat flux (?E), which has important implications for global climate change and water resource management. By physical integration of radiometric surface temperature (TR) into an integrated framework of the Penman?Monteith and Shuttleworth?Wallace models, we present a novel approach to directly quantify the canopy-scale biophysical controls on ?ET and ?EE over multiple plant functional types (PFTs) in the Amazon Basin. Combining data from six LBA (Large-scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia) eddy covariance tower sites and a TR-driven physically based modeling approach, we identified the canopy-scale feedback-response mechanism between gC, ?ET, and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (DA), without using any leaf-scale empirical parameterizations for the modeling. The TR-based model shows minor biophysical control on ?ET during the wet (rainy) seasons where ?ET becomes predominantly radiation driven and net radiation (RN) determines 75 to 80?% of the variances of ?ET. However, biophysical control on ?ET is dramatically increased during the dry seasons, and particularly the 2005 drought year, explaining 50 to 65?% of the variances of ?ET, and indicates ?ET to be substantially soil moisture driven during the rainfall deficit phase. Despite substantial differences in gA between forests and pastures, very similar canopy?atmosphere "coupling" was found in these two biomes due to soil moisture-induced decrease in gC in the pasture. This revealed the pragmatic aspect of the TR-driven model behavior that exhibits a high sensitivity of gC to per unit change in wetness as opposed to gA that is marginally sensitive to surface wetness variability. Our results reveal the occurrence of a significant hysteresis between ?ET and gC during the dry season for the pasture sites, which is attributed to relatively low soil water availability as compared to the rainforests, likely due to differences in rooting depth between the two systems. Evaporation was significantly influenced by gA for all the PFTs and across all wetness conditions. Our analytical framework logically captures the responses of gC and gA to changes in atmospheric radiation, DA, and surface radiometric temperature, and thus appears to be promising for the improvement of existing land?surface?atmosphere exchange parameterizations across a range of spatial scales.

Scalar turbulent behavior in the roughness sublayer of an Amazonian forest.

An important current problem in micrometeorology is the characterization of turbulence in the roughness sublayer (RSL), where most of the measurements above tall forests are made. There, scalar turbulent fluctuations display significant departures from the predictions of Monin?Obukhov similarity theory (MOST). In this work, we analyze turbulence data of virtual temperature, carbon dioxide, and water vapor in the RSL above an Amazonian forest (with a canopy height of 40?m), measured at 39.4 and 81.6?m above the ground under unstable conditions. We found that dimensionless statistics related to the rate of dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and the scalar variance display significant departures from MOST as expected, whereas the vertical velocity variance follows MOST much more closely. Much better agreement between the dimensionless statistics with the Obukhov similarity variable, however, was found for the subset of measurements made at a low zenith angle Z, in the range 0°??