Efeito do deficit de agua no solo sobre o ataque de macrophomina phaseolina em feijao.

Sob condicoes de campo, e adotando-se um delineamento estatistico de blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos e quatro repeticoes, estudou-se o efeito do deficit de agua no solo sobre a incidencia de "podridao-cinzenta-do-caule" causada pelo fungo Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. em feijao. Os tratamentos de 1 a 7 constaram, respectivamente, de 0, 6, 9, 11, 13, 16 e 18 dias sem irrigacao, a partir do inicio da floracao. O solo, antes e apos cada periodo de deficit, foi mantido em condicoes otimas de umidade. As contagens de plantas mortas forma feitas aos 49 dias (final do periodo de deficit do tratamento 7), 63 e 84 dias apos o plantio. No que se refere a mortandade de plantas, causada pelo ataque do fungo, os tratamentos diferiram significativamente ao nivel de 1% de probabilidade. O ataque foi intensificado, a medida que se prolongou o deficit de agua, resultando em 63,9% de plantas mortas apos 18 dias de deficit, e somente 8,6%, nos solos em condicoes otimas de umidade.

Effect of clearing native forest (Caatinga) strips on some hydrologic components of micro-watersheds.

The influences of clearing native vegetation (Caatinga) in contour strips at 25 cm vertical interval on evaporation losses in cleared strips, annual runoff efficiency and annuall soil loss on gently sloped micro-waterheds in the arid zones of Northeast Brazil are reported. The alternate native vegetation (Caatinga) strips function very effectively as windbreaks thus reducing evaporation losses substantially in the leeward cleared strips. The runoff measured at the micro-watershed with cleared strips was many-fold lower than the runoff obtained at a completely denuded watershed even when it was protected by narrow based channel terraces. However, the annual runoff efficiency can be significantly increased in a strip cleared watershed if narrow based channel terraces are provided on the lower side of cleared strips. The annual soil losses in strip cleared watersheds as well as completely denuded waterhed of gentle slopes were negligible. Thus clearing land in alternate contour strips on a micro-watersheds shall substantially improve crop water use efficiency without creating any significant erosion problems. Additionally this treatment will increase runoff for water harvesting for irrigation purposes.

Integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta como estratégia para aumentar a produtividade e prover serviços ambientais no noroeste do Paraná.

RESUMO: Os solos da região Noroeste do Paraná apresentam cerca de 85 a 90% de areia e níveis críticos de nutrientes, conferindo alta suscetibilidade à erosão e baixa capacidade de armazenamento de água. Além disso, a região apresenta clima quente, tornando-a bastante vulnerável a estresses abióticos. Uma das estratégias para aumentar a produtividade e, ao mesmo tempo, incrementar serviços ambientais é aumentar a diversidade de atividades, por meio do sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (iLPF). O sistema iLPF pode conferir maior taxa de sequestro de carbono, conservação da biodiversidade e melhoria da qualidade do solo, água e ar, em comparação a sistemas não integrados. No município de Santo Inácio, PR, foram conduzidas por cinco anos duas áreas com sistema iLPF. Nos três primeiros anos de condução, foi possível conciliar a produção de grãos (soja), forragem (Brachiaria ruziziensis e B brizantha ) e madeira (eucalipto), sem que um componente prejudicasse o outro. A partir do terceiro ano, as árvores interferiram expressivamente na produtividade de grãos e forragem, indicando a necessidade de redução do número de árvores por área. O iLPF é um sistema de produção relevante para aumentar a provisão de bens e serviços ecossistêmicos na região Noroeste do Paraná, mas que ainda precisa de ajustes tecnológicos para incrementar os ganhos econômicos e ambientais. ABSTRACT: Most soils in Northwest of Paraná state, Brazil, are sandy (85 to 90% sand), with critical nutrient levels, high susceptibility to erosion and low water storage capacity Moreover, the region?s warm weather confers to these soils high vulnerability to abiotic stresses The diversification of production via adoption of integrated cropping-livestock-forestry (ICLF) systems is an important strategy to increase productivity and, simultaneously enhance ecosystem services. ICLF systems can increase carbon sequestration, conserve biodiversity and improve soil, water and air quality, compared with specialized production systems. Two trials were carried out for five years using ICLF in Santo Inácio county in Paraná state, Brazil. In the first three years, it was possible to harmonize production of grains (soybean), fodder (Brachiaria ruziziensis and brizantha) and wood (Eucalyptus) without negative effects of three components on each other. After the third year, the trees significantly reduced grain yield and fodder production, indicating the need for thinning to reduce tree interference. The ICLF system is relevant to increase the delivery of ecosystem goods and services in Northwestern Paraná, though technological adjustments are needed to increase its economic and environmental gains.

Niveis de nitrogenio e laminas de irrigacao no rendimento do milho verde.

Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito de niveis de nitrogenio e laminas de irrigacao no rendimento do milho verde (Zea mays L.) cultivar BR-126, foi conduzido um experimento, numa varzea do Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Milho e Sorgo, da EMBRAPA, em Sete Lagoas, MG, com quatro tratamentos de irrigacao (laminas equivalentes a 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% da ETR) e seis subtratamentos de N (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 e 200 kg/ha de N). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas, tendo quatro repeticoes. O N foi incorporado na forma de ureia, sendo 1/3 no plantio, e o restante, em cobertura, aos 49 dias apos o plantio. Considerando-se os efeitos das laminas de irrigacao e dos niveis de N no rendimento do milho verde, uma aplicacao de 120 kg/ha de N e uma lamina de irrigacao equivalente a 50% de ETR poderao ser recomendadas para as condicoes de estudo; entretanto, deve-se salientar a necessidade imprescindivel de um estudo economico mais detalhado desses fatores.

Parametros de solo em funcao da umidade na capacidade de campo em areas irrigaveis do tropico Semi-Arido brasileiro.

Simula-se, atraves de um modelo matematico sequencial os principais parametros do solo: estimativas de umidade no ponto de murcha permanente (PMP) a 1,5 MPa, e curvas de retencao de agua por meio da correspondencia da umidade do solo no ponto de capacidade de campo (CC). Usando-se tecnicas de superficies de resposta, obtiveram-se as classificacoes texturais em funcao da disponibilidade total de agua no solo (DTA), em m3/ha por cm, que facilitou a aplicacao pratica dos resultados. O modelo, com base na analise de 4.288 amostras, permite estimar as variaveis relacionadas com um grau de significancia superior a 0,01. A validacao do campo mostrou ser aplicavel aos agricultores de areas irrigaveis que ainda nao tem acesso as informacoes obtidas em laboratorio.

Crescimento inicial do pinhão-manso submetido a diferentes regimes hídricos em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico.

2016

Canopy-scale biophysical controls of transpiration and evaporation in the Amazon Basin.

Canopy and aerodynamic conductances (gC and gA) are two of the key land surface biophysical variables that control the land surface response of land surface schemes in climate models. Their representation is crucial for predicting transpiration (λET) and evaporation (λEE) flux components of the terrestrial latent heat flux (λE), which has important implications for global climate change and water resource management. By physical integration of radiometric surface temperature (TR) into an integrated framework of the Penman?Monteith and Shuttleworth?Wallace models, we present a novel approach to directly quantify the canopy-scale biophysical controls on λET and λEE over multiple plant functional types (PFTs) in the Amazon Basin. Combining data from six LBA (Large-scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia) eddy covariance tower sites and a TR-driven physically based modeling approach, we identified the canopy-scale feedback-response mechanism between gC, λET, and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (DA), without using any leaf-scale empirical parameterizations for the modeling. The TR-based model shows minor biophysical control on λET during the wet (rainy) seasons where λET becomes predominantly radiation driven and net radiation (RN) determines 75 to 80 % of the variances of λET. However, biophysical control on λET is dramatically increased during the dry seasons, and particularly the 2005 drought year, explaining 50 to 65 % of the variances of λET, and indicates λET to be substantially soil moisture driven during the rainfall deficit phase. Despite substantial differences in gA between forests and pastures, very similar canopy?atmosphere "coupling" was found in these two biomes due to soil moisture-induced decrease in gC in the pasture. This revealed the pragmatic aspect of the TR-driven model behavior that exhibits a high sensitivity of gC to per unit change in wetness as opposed to gA that is marginally sensitive to surface wetness variability. Our results reveal the occurrence of a significant hysteresis between λET and gC during the dry season for the pasture sites, which is attributed to relatively low soil water availability as compared to the rainforests, likely due to differences in rooting depth between the two systems. Evaporation was significantly influenced by gA for all the PFTs and across all wetness conditions. Our analytical framework logically captures the responses of gC and gA to changes in atmospheric radiation, DA, and surface radiometric temperature, and thus appears to be promising for the improvement of existing land?surface?atmosphere exchange parameterizations across a range of spatial scales.

Canopy-scale biophysical controls of transpiration and evaporation in the Amazon Basin.

Canopy and aerodynamic conductances (gC and gA) are two of the key land surface biophysical variables that control the land surface response of land surface schemes in climate models. Their representation is crucial for predicting transpiration (?ET) and evaporation (?EE) flux components of the terrestrial latent heat flux (?E), which has important implications for global climate change and water resource management. By physical integration of radiometric surface temperature (TR) into an integrated framework of the Penman?Monteith and Shuttleworth?Wallace models, we present a novel approach to directly quantify the canopy-scale biophysical controls on ?ET and ?EE over multiple plant functional types (PFTs) in the Amazon Basin. Combining data from six LBA (Large-scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia) eddy covariance tower sites and a TR-driven physically based modeling approach, we identified the canopy-scale feedback-response mechanism between gC, ?ET, and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (DA), without using any leaf-scale empirical parameterizations for the modeling. The TR-based model shows minor biophysical control on ?ET during the wet (rainy) seasons where ?ET becomes predominantly radiation driven and net radiation (RN) determines 75 to 80?% of the variances of ?ET. However, biophysical control on ?ET is dramatically increased during the dry seasons, and particularly the 2005 drought year, explaining 50 to 65?% of the variances of ?ET, and indicates ?ET to be substantially soil moisture driven during the rainfall deficit phase. Despite substantial differences in gA between forests and pastures, very similar canopy?atmosphere "coupling" was found in these two biomes due to soil moisture-induced decrease in gC in the pasture. This revealed the pragmatic aspect of the TR-driven model behavior that exhibits a high sensitivity of gC to per unit change in wetness as opposed to gA that is marginally sensitive to surface wetness variability. Our results reveal the occurrence of a significant hysteresis between ?ET and gC during the dry season for the pasture sites, which is attributed to relatively low soil water availability as compared to the rainforests, likely due to differences in rooting depth between the two systems. Evaporation was significantly influenced by gA for all the PFTs and across all wetness conditions. Our analytical framework logically captures the responses of gC and gA to changes in atmospheric radiation, DA, and surface radiometric temperature, and thus appears to be promising for the improvement of existing land?surface?atmosphere exchange parameterizations across a range of spatial scales.