Girassol

2009

Amazon forest structure generates diurnal and seasonal variability in light utilization.

The complex three-dimensional (3-D) structure of tropical forests generates a diversity of light environments for canopy and understory trees. Understanding diurnal and seasonal changes in light availability is critical for interpreting measurements of net ecosystem exchange and improving ecosystem models. Here, we used the Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model to simulate leaf absorption of photosynthetically active radiation (lAPAR) for an Amazon forest. The 3-D model scene was developed from airborne lidar data, and local measurements of leaf reflectance, aerosols, and PAR were used to model lAPAR under direct and diffuse illumination conditions. Simulated lAPAR under clear-sky and cloudy conditions was corrected for light saturation effects to estimate light utilization, the fraction of lAPAR available for photosynthesis. Although the fraction of incoming PAR absorbed by leaves was consistent throughout the year (0.80?0.82), light utilization varied seasonally (0.67?0.74), with minimum values during the Amazon dry season. Shadowing and light saturation effects moderated potential gains in forest productivity from increasing PAR during dry-season months when the diffuse fraction from clouds and aerosols was low. Comparisons between DART and other models highlighted the role of 3-D forest structure to account for seasonal changes in light utilization. Our findings highlight how directional illumination and forest 3-D structure combine to influence diurnal and seasonal variability in light utilization, independent of further changes in leaf area, leaf age, or environmental controls on canopy photosynthesis. Changing illumination geometry constitutes an alternative biophysical explanation for observed seasonality in Amazon forest productivity without changes in canopy phenology.

Evolution and challenges of dynamic global vegetation models for some aspects of plant physiology and elevated atmospheric CO2.

Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) simulate surface processes such as the transfer of energy, water, CO2, and momentum between the terrestrial surface and the atmosphere, biogeochemical cycles, carbon assimilation by vegetation, phenology, and land use change in scenarios of varying atmospheric CO2 concentrations. DGVMs increase the complexity and the Earth system representation when they are coupled with atmospheric global circulation models (AGCMs) or climate models. However, plant physiological processes are still a major source of uncertainty in DGVMs. The maximum velocity of carboxylation (Vcmax), for example, has a direct impact over productivity in the models. This parameter is often underestimated or imprecisely defined for the various plant functional types (PFTs) and ecosystems. Vcmax is directly related to photosynthesis acclimation (loss of response to elevated CO2), a widely known phenomenon that usually occurs when plants are subjected to elevated atmospheric CO2 and might affect productivity estimation in DGVMs. Despite this, current models have improved substantially, compared to earlier models which had a rudimentary and very simple representation of vegetation?atmosphere interactions. In this paper, we describe this evolution through generations of models and the main events that contributed to their improvements until the current state-of-the-art class of models. Also, we describe some main challenges for further improvements to DGVMs.

Influência da vassoura de bruxa na fenologia do cupuacuzeiro.

O cultivo do cupuaçuzeiro [Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum.] está em franca expansão na Amazônia brasileira. O principal fator limitante é a vassoura de bruxa, doença causada pela Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, cujo único controle econômico conhecido é a poda fitossanitária. A fenologia de dez cupuaçuzeiros em monocultivo, em solo Latossolo Amarelo distrófico adubado na região de Manaus, AM, foi avaliada de maio 1987 a dezembro 1990. O número de flores foi reduzido pela vassoura e pela poda, mas a duração e periodicidade da floração não foram muito afetadas. O número médio de frutos por planta caiu de 36 em 1987 para 6 em 1989, afetado pela vassoura e pela poda, tendo recuperado para 15 em 1990. A frutificação foi antecipada e sua duração reduzida em comparação ao estudo anterior, possivelmente devido à adubação e/ou ao genótipo estudado. O vingamento caiu de 1,4% em 1987 para 0,5% em 1989 e aumentou para 1,8% em 1990, sugerindo a recuperação das plantas. A brotação foliar e queda das folhas aumentaram marcadamente como resultado da influência da vassoura de bruxa em 1988 e foram reduzidas pela poda no período de 1989-90. Os fenofases não foram muito afetados pela vassoura de bruxa embora o número de flores e frutos tenham sido.

Cianamida hidrogenada na quebra de dormência das gemas e fenologia do caquizeiro em clima semiárido.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os estádios fenológicos e avaliar a brotação de caquizeiros ?Rama Forte Tardio? tratados com cianamida hidrogenada, no Vale do São Francisco, em Petrolina, Pernambuco.