Control of citrus black spot (Guignardia citricarpa) by biological control agents and other alternative products.

2007

Influence of Baculovirus anticarsia on the growth rate and survival of some nontarget aquatic organisms.

Recently, microbial pest control agents (MPCAs) have been worldwide used to reduce chemical pesticide use and to diminish the high risk of those compounds in the environment. Among various MPCAs, the nuclear polyhedrosis virus Baculovirus anticarsia is widely used in Brazil in the biological control of the velvet bean caterpillar. Although literature data do not show adverse effects of baculoviruses to nontarget organisms, it is necessary to evaluate their toxicity or patogenicity in order to study th environmental risk of those products and to register the formulations in the Brazilian Environmental Regularory Agency - IBAMA. In the presente work, the influence of a Baculovirus anticarsia formulation was evaluted to measure the consequences in the growth rateof the green algae Selenastrum capricornutum, the duckweed Lemna valdiviana and the microcrustacean Daphnia similis. The survival of the fish Hyphessobrycon scholzei exposed during 28 days was also evaluated. No significative adverse effects (P > 0.05) were observed in the test organisms which were exposed to 1-1000 times the maximum calculated pesticide concentration following a direct application to 15 cm layer of water.

Natural parasitism of lepidopteran eggs by Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in agricultural crops in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

The genus Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) includes insect egg parasitoids that are widely used throughout the world as control agents of pest insects. The aim of this study was to identify the species of Trichogramma naturally associated with the eggs of lepidopteran pests of the following agricultural and horticultural crops: collards, Brassica oleracea L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae); papaya, Carica papaya L. (Capparales: Caricaceae); tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Solanales: Solanaceae); cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae); banana, Musa sp. L. (Zingiberales: Musaceae); passion fruit, Passiflora sp. Degener (Malpighiales: Passifloraceae); sugarcane, Saccharum sp. L. (Poales: Poaceae); and corn (maize), Zea mays L. (Poales: Poaceae); and an invasive species (Sodom?s apple milkweed, Calotropis procera Aiton; Gentianales: Apocynaceae) in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We report natural parasitism by Trichogramma in eggs of Agraulis vanillae vanillae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), Antichloris eriphia F. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), Danaus sp. (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), Diatraea saccharalis F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Erinnyis ello L. (Lepidopera: Sphingidae), and Protambulyx strigilis L. (Lepidopera: Sphingidae). In total, 2,242 specimens of Trichogramma were obtained, belonging to the species T. pretiosum Riley, T. manicobai Brun, Moraes & Soares, T. marandobai Brun, Moraes & Soares, and T. galloi Zucchi. These species of Trichogramma may be candidates for biological control programs of lepidopteran pests in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais and in other semiarid regions.

Microrganismos endofíticos como agentes de biocontrole da ferrugem do cafeeiro e de promoção de crescimento.

2009

Análise da viabilidade comercial de produtos à base de Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus pumilus para o controle de fitopatógenos no Brasil.

2009

Biotechnology and crop protection in Brazil.

The process of modernization of Brazilian agriculture aimed at increasing the productivity in response to the high demand for agricultural products in the world market and it was based on the intensive use of inputs such as agrochemicals, intense mechanisation and breeding of new varieties. Among these, pesticides were incorporated in almost all production systems. Over reliance on pesticide use has produced many negative effects on both biotic and abiotic components of the environment, generating chemical contamination of soil and water, decrease in biological diversity of agroecosystems, disruption of natural cycles, pest resistance, intoxication of growers, among others. The consumption of pesticides in Brazil was 151.8 thousand tonnes in 1989, and today the country is the fifth world market of these products. The use of pesticides increased from 16 thousand tonnes (a.i.) in 1964 to 60.2 thousand tonnes in 1991, while the area planted to crops grew from 28.4 to 50.0 million ha in the same period. This means an increase of 276.2% in consumption of pesticides compared to an increase of 76% in planted area. Even with this large increase in the use of pesticides, the losses caused by pests have not been significantly reduced, and the net gain in crop productivity has been low. On the other hand, problems with food contamination, environmental degradation of growers have considerably mounted. It is possible to define two classes of crops regarding intense use of pesticides. One is represented by those crops that occupy large areas, and therefore contribute to a large amont of pesticides used for pest control in a country basis. The other class comprises crops that require large amounts of pesticides per unit of area, but not necessarily represent large amounts of pesticides used coutry-wide. Based on the classes proposed, citrus, soybean and sugarcane stand as crops with a nationally great consumption of pesticides, while tomato, potato and citrus are important as intensive users of pesticides. In this paper the biotechnologies in use, the biotechnologies in advanced stages of development, the main constraints to the development and use of biotechnlology and the impact of pesticed on the environment are discussed.

Toxicities and effects of insecticidal toxic baits to control Drosophila suzukii and Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

BACKGROUND: Drosophila suzukii is a primary insect pest that causes direct damage to fruits with a thin epidermis such as strawberries, cherries and blueberries. In strawberry fields, the co-occurrence of D. suzukii and Zaprionus indianus has increased production losses. This study evaluated the toxicities and effects of insecticidal baits to control adults and larvae of both D. suzukii and Z. indianus . RESULTS: Organophosphate (dimethoate and malathion), spinosyn (spinosad and spinetoram), pyrethroid (lambda-cyhalothrin) and diamide (cyantraniliprole) insecticides exhibited high toxicity to both adults and larvae of D. suzukii and Z. indianus (mortality > 80%) in topical and dip bioassays. However, when the insecticides were mixed with a feeding attractant, a positive effect was observed only for adults of D. suzukii . Insecticides containing neonicotinoids (acetamiprid and thiamethoxam) and pyrolle (chlorfenapyr) caused intermediate mortality to adults of D. suzukii (40?60%) and low mortality for Z. indianus (mortality < 23%); however, these compounds reduced the larval infestation of the two species by 55?86%. Botanical (azadirachtin) and sulphur insecticides exhibited low toxicity (mortality < 40%) on adults and larvae of both species. CONCLUSION: Dimethoate, malathion, spinosad, spinetoram, lambda-cyhalothrin and cyantraniliprole are highly toxic to both larvaeandadultsof D. suzukii and Z.indianus .Theuseoftoxicbaitsforadultsof D. suzukii couldbeanalternativeinmanagement of this species. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry Keywords: spotted-wing drosophila; fig fly; chemical control; strawberry; toxic bait; pest control.

Observações sobre biologia de Spaethiella tristis (Boh.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) e danos causados ao dendezeiro.

O ciclo de vida de Spaethiella tristis (Boh.), um besouro que se alimenta de folhas de dende (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), é de mais ou menos 56 dias, sob condicoes de laboratorio. Seus inimigos naturais, coletados de um plantio de dende na Estacao Experimental do Rio Urubu/CPAA, foram: Paecilomyces farinosus (Samson & Evans) e Metarhizium sp. parasitando larvas e adultos, respectivamente, e uma especie nao identificada de Chalcididae (Hymenoptera), parasitando larvas. O dano da folha causado por S. tristis é agravado pela infeccao do fungo Pestalotiopsis guepini (Desm.) Steyaert, que se instala nos ferimentos feitos pelo inseto.

Toxicities and effects of insecticidal toxic baits to control Drosophila suzukii and Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

BACKGROUND: Drosophila suzukii is a primary insect pest that causes direct damage to fruits with a thin epidermis such as strawberries, cherries and blueberries. In strawberry fields, the co-occurrence of D. suzukii and Zaprionus indianus has increased production losses. This study evaluated the toxicities and effects of insecticidal baits to control adults and larvae of both D. suzukii and Z. indianus . RESULTS: Organophosphate (dimethoate and malathion), spinosyn (spinosad and spinetoram), pyrethroid (lambda-cyhalothrin) and diamide (cyantraniliprole) insecticides exhibited high toxicity to both adults and larvae of D. suzukii and Z. indianus (mortality > 80%) in topical and dip bioassays. However, when the insecticides were mixed with a feeding attractant, a positive effect was observed only for adults of D. suzukii . Insecticides containing neonicotinoids (acetamiprid and thiamethoxam) and pyrolle (chlorfenapyr) caused intermediate mortality to adults of D. suzukii (40?60%) and low mortality for Z. indianus (mortality < 23%); however, these compounds reduced the larval infestation of the two species by 55?86%. Botanical (azadirachtin) and sulphur insecticides exhibited low toxicity (mortality < 40%) on adults and larvae of both species. CONCLUSION: Dimethoate, malathion, spinosad, spinetoram, lambda-cyhalothrin and cyantraniliprole are highly toxic to both larvaeandadultsof D. suzukii and Z.indianus .Theuseoftoxicbaitsforadultsof D. suzukii couldbeanalternativeinmanagement of this species. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry Keywords: spotted-wing drosophila; fig fly; chemical control; strawberry; toxic bait; pest control.

Formigas associadas a cochonilhas-farinhentas em cultivos de videira no semiárido brasileiro.

A região do Submédio São Francisco é pioneira na produção de uvas em condições tropicais no Brasil. No entanto, com a expansão das áreas cultivadas, surge simultaneamente, a ampliação da distribuição de insetos-praga (OLIVEIRA et al., 2010), como as cochonilhas. Dentre as espécies que atacam os cultivos de videira na região, destacam-se as cochonilhas-farinhentas (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) das espécies Maconelicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908), Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) e Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell, 1893). Estas espécies podem ocasionar danos em uvas destinadas ao consumo in natura, danificando as bagas devido à sucção de seiva e como consequência, favorecer o aparecimento da fumagina, depreciando a fruta para o mercado externo e o interno (MORANDI FILHO, 2008). As formigas são muito importantes por dispersarem as cochonilhas-farinhentas e a constatação de algumas espécies em videira pode ser um indicativo da presença de populações destes insetos (DAANE et. al., 2006). Formigas e cochonilhas da família Pseudococcidade podem associar-se com benefícios mútuos. Neste tipo de relação, as formigas se alimentam do honeydew excretado e em troca, defendem as cochonilhas dos seus inimigos naturais, diminuem a taxa de mortalidade, e consequentemente, aumentam a população de cochonilhas, auxiliam na diminuição da contaminação dos fungos e/ou transportam as suas ninfas para outros locais de nidificação (ZHOU et al., 2015). Um exemplo é a espécie de formiga argentina Linepithema humile (Hymenoptera: formicidae) que tem se associado diretamente à cochonilha-farinhenta em busca das excreções açucaradas, tendo sido considerada uma das principais pragas, como na Califórnia e na África do Sul (DAANE et al. 2006). Além disso, a presença de formigas dificulta o controle biológico (MGOCHEKI; ADDISON, 2009) e como as formigas transportam as ninfas para o interior dos cachos, o controle é dificultado. Assim, o controle de formigas deve estar associado às estratégias de manejo das cochonilhas-praga (DAANE et. al., 2008). Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o levantamento de espécies de formigas 31 doceiras associadas à cochonilhas-farinhentas (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) em cultivos de videira no Submédio São Francisco.

Cochonilha rosada Maconelicoccus hirsutus: inter-relações no ambiente produtivo de videira e plantas espontâneas.

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), conhecida como cochonilha-rosada-do-hibisco é uma espécie altamente polífaga por apresentar hospedeiros distribuídos em 76 famílias, incluídos em mais de 200 gêneros, (OEPP/EPPO, 2005), podendo causar severos danos em culturas economicamente importantes como algodão, citros, cacau, café e uva (TAMBASCO et al., 2000). Esta cochonilha foi registrada pela primeira vez no Brasil em 2010 no Estado de Roraima infestando mudas de hibisco (MARSARO JÚNIOR et al., 2013) e no ano de 2012 foi encontrada no Estado do Espírito Santo em cultivo de quiabo (CULIK et al., 2013). Em 2013, no Espírito Santo e na Bahia, foi registrada a ocorrência da cochonilha rosada em cacaueiros (CEPLAC, 2014). Neste mesmo ano, M. hirsutus foi excluída da lista de pragas quarentenárias ausentes A1. E recentemente, foi registrada na região do Submédio do Vale do São Francisco em cultivos de videira (OLIVEIRA et. al., 2014). O Submédio do Vale do São Francisco é responsável por 95% das exportações brasileiras de uvas de mesa e infestações de cochonilhas vem sendo constatadas com frequência em parreiras comerciais. As cochonilhas são encontradas alimentando-se em todas as partes da planta de uva, sendo frequentemente observados sérios prejuízos a produção. As cochonilhas possuem vários hospedeiros alternativos que mantêm a população na entressafra, permitindo rápida infestação e crescimento populacional. Como recentemente M. hirsutus foi relatada se dispersando rapidamente pelo Brasil e constatada recentemente na região, o conhecimento de plantas hospedeiras alternativas torna-se uma prática importante, visto que, muitas plantas podem ser hospedeiras de cochonilhas durante o período em que a planta não está produzindo e, além disso, é um dos requisitos fundamentais para o planejamento do manejo integrado (MAZIERO et. al., 2007). Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar as espécies de plantas hospedeiras alternativas de M. hirsutus em agroecossistemas de videira na região do Submédio do Vale do São Francisco.

Quarantine facilities and legal issues of the use of biocontrol agents in Brazil.

The objective of this work was to address the classical biological control of pests in Brazil, regarding procedures to import and export native biological material. A brief introduction will be given on the current legal issues on the use of biocontrol agents, as well as some considerations on the existing quarantine pests and actions already carried out in the country. The safety in the introduction of exotic organisms is important for Brazilian phytosanitary defense and for a higher adoption of classical biocontrol, making it available for integrated pest management (IPM). Legal and normative aspects establish the procedures that must to be adopted, not only to protect bioprospecting and native organisms, but also to minimize risks to the national genetic patrimony associated with the introduction of exotic organisms. Furthermore, the import/export procedures adopted for vegetal and useful organisms for pest biological control and for other genetic material must be subjected to phytosanitary measures performed in government?certified quarantine facilities and diagnostic laboratories. Finally, the quarantine activities listed here are strategic for safeguarding the country from potential problems arising from border transit of living organisms.