Características agronômicas e produtividade de amemdoim em diferentes formas de cultivo no Recôncavo Baiano.

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar as características agronômicas e a produtividade do amendoim, cultivar Havana, em cultivo solteiro e consorciado com pinhão manso e girassol, na região do Recôncavo Baiano.

Atributos químicos de um Argissolo e rendimento de melão mediante o uso de adubos verdes, calagem e adubação.

Este experimento foi realizado no Campo Experimental de Bebedouro, da Embrapa Semi-Árido, em Petrolina-PE, de janeiro de 1999 a dezembro de 2001, num Argissolo Amarelo eutrófico textura arenosa, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de adubos verdes associados à calagem e adubação mineral e orgânica nos atributos químicos do solo e na produtividade e qualidade do melão (Cucumis melo) irrigado. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos alocados nas parcelas constituíram-se dos adubos verdes: (1) milho (Zea mays) com retirada da palhada do local, como testemunha (MI); (2) mucuna-preta (Mucuna aterrima) (MP); (3) milho + caupi (Vigna unguiculata) (MC); e (4) adubos verdes diferentes em cada ano: dois cultivos sucessivos de crotalária (Crotalaria juncea) no primeiro ano, milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) + caupi no segundo e crotalária + caupi no terceiro (RA). Nas subparcelas, os tratamentos corresponderam a: dose completa de calagem e adubação mineral e orgânica conforme a análise do solo (DC); e metade da dose do tratamento anterior (MD). Os cultivos dos adubos verdes foram realizados no primeiro semestre, seguidos do cultivo do melão no segundo. Todos os adubos verdes proporcionaram aumentos nos valores de Ca e da CTC do solo nas camadas de 0?10 cm e 10?20 cm em relação à testemunha (MI), com exceção da MP para CTC na primeira profundidade. Na camada de 0?10 cm, houve aumento também nos teores de K e matéria orgânica do solo, exceto nos teores de K do MC. Em 2001, ano em que o meloeiro atingiu a maior produtividade, o adubo verde RA proporcionou maior rendimento de melão que o adubo MP e a testemunha. Da mesma forma, o tratamento DC promoveu maior produtividade que o MD. Nesse mesmo ano, os teores de sólidos solúveis totais dos frutos foram mais elevados no tratamento com MP que na testemunha.

Tilápia em reservatório de água para irrigação e avaliação da qualidade da água.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o intuito de avaliar o potencial de cultivo de tilápia em reservatório de água para irrigação, aumentando a produtividade em pequenas propriedades familiares. Foram utilizados 3.600 alevinos de tilápia tailandesa, com peso inicial de 8,10 g. Os alevinos foram colocados em um reservatório de água para irrigação, com volume útil de 1.170 m3. O período de cultivo foi de 26/12/2007 a 01/08/2008. Os alevinos foram alimentados com ração comercial extrusada com porcentagem de proteína recomendada para cada fase de crescimento. O arraçoamento restrito foi de três vezes ao dia, com a proporção de 5% da biomassa total. Para o ajuste do fornecimento de ração, foram realizadas biometrias a cada 20 dias. Em cada biometria foram realizadas análises locais dos parâmetros de qualidade da água e amostras da água foram coletadas para análise posterior em laboratório. Ao final do experimento foi realizada a avaliação do desempenho zootécnico dos animais. O peso final médio foi de 535 g e a biomassa final de 18.489 kg ha-1. Os parâmetros de qualidade da água estavam dentro da faixa ótima para cultivo. A produção de peixes em reservatórios de água para a irrigação é viável.

Intervenções de poda e manejo de cacho de uvas de mesa em regiões tropicais.

A viticultura tropical brasileira caracteriza-se por temperaturas elevadas o ano inteiro, alta insolação e baixa umidade relativa (UR), aliadas à disponibilidade de água para irrigação. Tais características favorecem o desenvolvimento vegetativo das videiras e a colheita em qualquer época do ano, em, pelo menos, duas safras anuais. As principais cultivares são da espécie Vitis vinifera L., para a produção de uvas finas para consumo in natura e elaboração de vinhos e espumantes, e uvas de Vitis labrusca e híbridas, para elaboração de suco. O sistema de produção de uvas de mesa, especialmente em condições tropicais, é complexo e dinâmico e inclui a poda de formação e de frutificação, as operações de poda verde realizadas durante a fase de crescimento vegetativo da planta, bem como as práticas voltadas para a melhoria de qualidade dos cachos. Os principais tipos de poda são: poda de formação, poda de produção e poda de rejuvenescimento. Podem ser realizadas em qualquer época do ano, mas recomenda-se um intervalo mínimo de 30 a 60 dias entre a colheita e a poda do ciclo seguinte, que é denominado período de repouso. As práticas de poda verde, realizadas durante o ciclo de crescimento vegetativo, reúnem um conjunto de operações feitas na copa da videira para eliminar órgãos, como brotos, sarmentos, ramos, netos, gavinhas e inflorescências.

Manejo integrado de insetos e ácaros-praga em uvas de mesa no Brasil.

A produção de uvas destinadas ao consumo in natura corresponde aproximadamente a 43% do total produzido no Brasil, e está localizada em Estados das Regiões Nordeste, Sul e Sudeste. Uma parcela expressiva dessa produção é destinada à exportação, sendo 90%oriunda da região do Vale do Rio São Francisco, em [uazeiro, BA, e Petrolina, PE. Dentre os insetos-praga prejudiciais ao cultivo de uvas de mesa estão incluídas algumas espécies de cochonilhas-farinhentas e de moscas-das-frutas, que são quarentenárias, o que faz com que o manejo de insetos e de ácaros-praga receba atenção diferenciada. Outro aspecto diz respeito aos métodos de controle de pragas, que, cada vez mais, necessitam ser sustentáveis e que não deixem resíduos, diante de um mercado consumidor cada vez mais exigente.

Evaluation of floral characteristics of melon hybrids (Cucumis melo l.) in pollinator attractiveness.

Floral morphology and biology are important characteristics for plant-pollinator interactions and may influence the behavior of these agents. This study aimed to determine which floral attributes of different melon hybrids influence this interaction and, consequently, their attractiveness in simultaneous crops. The study was conducted in the region of Petrolina, State of Pernambuco (PE)/Juazeiro, State of Bahia (BA) and Mossoró, State of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), in areas with the following melon hybrids: Yellow type, Piel de Sapo, Cantaloupe and Galia. For studies on floral morphology and biology, hermaphrodites and male flowers of each hybrid were analyzed for their size and nectar chamber size, pollen and nectar production, anthesis time and flower lifespan. Floral visitors were observed simultaneously in hybrids of three types of melon, from 5:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., in the two study sites. Evaluations of the corolla diameter and flower height indicated that the hermaphrodite flowers were larger in size than male flowers in all types of melon investigated, in both study sites. As for nectar chamber, male flowers are larger in width, but smaller in height, compared to hermaphrodite flowers. Regarding the volume of nectar, differences were found between floral types for the hybrids evaluated, in the two study sites; the hermaphrodite flowers produced 2-7 times more nectar than male flowers in all studied hybrids. Observations of visits of Apis mellifera to areas with simultaneous flowering of the three types of melon demonstrated differences in the frequency of visits between hybrids, floral type and foraged resource. Flowers of the hybrids Piel de Sapo and Cantaloupe exhibited larger corolla diameter, larger dimensions of the nectar chamber and greater supply of resources for foraging, which could explain the higher number of visits of bees to their flowers in the sites studied.

Cytogenetic characterization of the Passiflora edulis Sims x Passiflora cincinnata Mast. interspecific hybrid and its parents.

The genus Passiflora L. consists of approximately 530 widely distributed species, including Passiflora edulis, which has drawn interest because of its commercial and agronomic value. Passiflora cincinnata is another important species owing to its long flowering period and resistance or tolerance to diseases and pests. In the present study, the meiotic segregation and pollen viability of an interspecific hybrid (P. edulis x P. cincinnata) and its parents were analyzed. The genomic contents were characterized using chromomycin A3 (CMA3)/40-60-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, fluorescent in situ hybridization with 5S/45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The results indicated the diploid chromosome number for the parents and interspecific hybrid was 2n = 18. We also observed regular meiosis, one pair of S rDNA sites, and two pairs of 45S rDNA sites that colocalized with two pairs of CMA3 /DAPI- bands. The GISH data revealed three distinct chromosomal groups in the hybrid. The genetic origins of the interspecific hybrid, and its relationship with its parents were also confirmed using ISSR markers.

Spondias tuberosa trees grown in tropical, wet environments are more susceptible to drought than those grown in arid environments.

In this study, we investigated the different responses of Spondias tuberosa (umbu) trees, which grow in two different ecological life zones in northeast Brazil: tropical wet and tropical arid ecosystems. We evaluated the responses of plants grown under humid and dry conditions by measuring the photosynthesis, water status, fluorescence parameters, carbon isotopes and antioxidant system activity. The higher net photosynthesis values were recorded contemporaneously with the lower VPD values. The highest internal-to-ambient CO2 concentration and the absence of typical changes in the fluorescence parameters suggested an onset of a nonstomatal limitation in the photosynthesis. Our results showed that umbu plants can adjust their antioxidant activity during the dry season as a defensive strategy against the deleterious effects of water stress. This evidence is supported by the observed modifications in the pigment concentrations, increased accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, high levels of electrolyte leakage, increased antioxidant activity, and decreased carbon isotope discrimination in the umbu trees during the dry season. Supported by multivariate analysis of variance, significantly effect of interaction between categorical months of collect and location predicts a strong ?dry season effect? on our dataset. Taken together, our data show that umbu trees grown in a wet tropical environment are more susceptible to drought, as compared with their tropical arid counterparts.

Phytosociology of the remaining xerophytic woodland associated to an environmental gradient at the banks of the São Francisco river - Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil1

Floristic and phytosociological surveys were carried out for 12 months in the Embrapa-SPSB, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. A transect was laid on starting at the river bank extending for 790 m away from the river and divided into 140 10 × 10 m contiguous plots. In each plot, all standing plants, alive or dead, with stem diameter at soil level ? 3 cm and total height ? 1 m were sampled. Along this transect, an elevation range of 9.40 m was registered and five topographical environments were identified: riverside (MR), dike (D), floodable depression (DI), boundary terrace (TL) - all of them belonging to the fluvial terrace with Fluvic Neosol and Haplic Cambisol both silty textured eutrophic soils - and the inlander tableland (TS), with medium sandy-textured Red-Yellow Argisols. Fourty-eight species/morphospecies, distributed into 39 genera and 21 families, were identified. Four phytogeoenvironments (MR, D + TL, DI + TL, and TS) were registered based on environmental variations and floristic similarities among plots using cluster analyses. The MR environment showed the largest total density, total basal area, maximum and medium heights and maximum diameter. Moreover, it had 8.1% of plants with heights above 8 m against 0.6% for D + TL, 0.2% for DI + TL, and 0% for TS. The species with the largest importance value were Inga vera subsp. affinis (DC.) T.D. Pennington in MR, Mimosa bimucronata Kunth in D + TL and DI + TL and M. tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. in TS.

Carbon in humic fractions of organic matter in soil treated with organic composts under mango cultivation.

Soil organic matter (SOM) plays a key role in maintaining the productivity of tropical soils, providing energy and substrate for the biological activity and modifying the physical and chemical characteristics that ensure the maintenance of soil quality and the sustainability of ecosystems. This study assessed the medium-term effect (six years) of the application of five organic composts, produced by combining different agro-industrial residues, on accumulation and chemical characteristics of soil organic matter. Treatments were applied in a long-term experiment of organic management of mango (OMM) initiated in 2005 with a randomized block design with four replications. Two external areas, one with conventional mango cultivation (CMM) and the other a fragment of regenerating Caatinga vegetation (RCF), were used as reference areas. Soil samples were collected in the three management systems from the 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.20 m layers, and the total organic carbon content and chemical fractions of organic matter were evaluated by determining the C contents of humin and humic and fulvic acids. Organic compost application significantly increased the contents of total C and C in humic substances in the experimental plots, mainly in the surface layer. However, compost 3 (50 % coconut bagasse, 40 % goat manure, 10 % castor bean residues) significantly increased the level of the non-humic fraction, probably due to the higher contents of recalcitrant material in the initial composition. The highest increases from application of the composts were in the humin, followed by the fulvic fraction. Compost application increased the proportion of higher molecular weight components, indicating higher stability of the organic matter.

Organic and nitrogen fertilization of soil under Syrah grapevine: effects on soil chemical properties and nitrate concentration.

Viticulture is an activity of great social and economic importance in the lower-middle region of the São Francisco River valley in northeastern Brazil. In this region, the fertility of soils under vineyards is generally poor. To assess the effects of organic and nitrogen fertilization on chemical properties and nitrate concentrations in an Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (Typic Plinthustalf), a field experiment was carried out in Petrolina, Pernambuco, on Syrah grapevines. Treatments consisted of two rates of organic fertilizer (0 and 30 m3 ha-1) and five N rates (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 kg ha-1), in a randomized block design arranged in split plots, with five replications. The organic fertilizer levels represented the main plots and the N levels, the subplots. The source of N was urea and the source of organic fertilizer was goat manure. Irrigation was applied through a drip system and N by fertigation. At the end of the third growing season, soil chemical properties were determined and nitrate concentration in the soil solution (extracted by porous cups) was determined. Organic fertilization increased organic matter, pH, EC, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, sum of bases, base saturation, and CEC, but decreased exchangeable Cu concentration in the soil by complexation of Cu in the organic matter. Organic fertilization raised the nitrate concentration in the 0.20-0.40 m soil layer, making it leachable. Nitrate concentration in the soil increased as N rates increased, up to more than 300 mg kg-1 in soil and nearly 800 mg L-1 in the soil solution, becoming prone to leaching losses.

Nitrate and potassium concentration in fertigated soil cultivated with wine vines.

In the semiarid region of Brazil the use of irrigation systems for applying fertilizers in horticulture is the primary means for incorporating nutrients in the soil. However, this technique still requires its use in wine vines to be assessed. In view of this, this study aimed to assess nitrate and potassium concentrations in soil fertigated with nitrogen and potassium fertilizers in 3 wine grape growing cycles. A field experiment was conducted with ?Syrah? wine grapes, in Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil; it assessed five nitrogen doses (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1) and five K2O doses (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1) applied by drip irrigation system with two emitters per plant, with a flow rate of 4 L h-1. The experimental design used was the factorial split-plot, making up 13 combinations arranged in 4 randomized blocks. Soil solution samples were collected weekly with the aid of porous cup extractors for all treatments and at depths of 0.4 and 0.6 m by determining nitrate and potassium concentrations and electrical conductivity. Increased levels of both nutrients in the irrigation water increased the availability of nitrate and potassium in the soil solution. The highest nitrate and potassium concentrations were found in the second growing cycle at both depths studied.

Estimated crop loss due to coconut mite and financial analysis of controlling the pest using the acaricide abamectin.

Reducing the losses caused by Aceria guerreronis Keifer has been an arduous task for farmers. However, there are no detailed studies on losses that simultaneously analyse correlated parameters, and very few studies that address the economic viability of chemical control, the main strategy for managing this pest. In this study the objectives were (1) to estimate the crop loss due to coconut mite and (2) to perform a financial analysis of acaricide application to control the pest. For this, the following parameters were evaluated: number and weight of fruits, liquid albumen volume, and market destination of plants with and without monthly abamectin spraying (three harvests). The costs involved in the chemical control of A. guerreronis were also quantified. Higher A. guerreronis incidence on plants resulted in a 60 % decrease in the mean number of fruits harvested per bunch and a 28 % decrease in liquid albumen volume. Mean fruit weight remained unaffected. The market destination of the harvested fruit was also affected by higher A. guerreronis incidence. Untreated plants, with higher A. guerreronis infestation intensity, produced a lower proportion of fruit intended for fresh market and higher proportions of non-marketable fruit and fruit intended for industrial processing. Despite the costs involved in controlling A. guerreronis, the difference between the profit from the treated site and the untreated site was 18,123.50 Brazilian Real; this value represents 69.1 % higher profit at the treated site. Keywords

Planting times and spacing of carrot crops in the São Francisco Valley, Pernambuco state, Brazil.

Climate variations over the year and plant density tend to strongly affect the agronomic performance of carrot crops. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of the cultivar Brasilia in crops under mild (winter) and high (summer) temperatures. An experiment was conducted from May 2011 to February 2012, using a randomized block design and treatments arranged in split plot, with three replications. The plots consisted of planting seasons (winter and summer) and the subplots of plant spacing (4, 6, 8 and 10 cm). The height of plants presented a linear decrease, from 53.4 to 51.0 cm, with an increase in spacing in summer planting, while in winter the greatest height (50.7 cm) was obtained with spacing of 8.0 cm between plants. The lowest commercial yields were found in summer crops and with the widest spacing between plants. The smallest spacing between plants (4 cm) had yields of 45.9 Mg ha -1in summer and of 63.1 Mg ha-1 in winter crops. The winter planting had higher fresh root weight (89.9 g root - 1 ) compared to the summer (81.4 g root - 1 ), reaching higher weight with increasing plant spacing. Higher yields are achieved with plant spacing of 4 cm during winter. The carrot can be grown throughout the year in the Submiddle of the São Francisco Valley.

Custo de produção e desempenho econômico da banana orgânica, no Vale do Submédio São Francisco, no Estado da Bahia.

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar os custos de produção e determinar a viabilidade econômica da exploração da banana orgânica na região do Vale do Submédio São Francisco. Como esse tipo de sistema de cultivo ainda está em processo de construção na região em foco, justifica-se a realização dessa pesquisa. Para a análise dos custos de produção da cultura utilizou-se o método de orçamentação parcial e para a determinação da rentabilidade da exploração dessa frutífera foram utilizados os seguintes indicadores de eficiência econômica: Renda líquida (RL), Produtividade Total dos Fatores (PTF) e Taxa de Retorno do Empreendedor (TER). E os seguintes indicadores de eficiência financeira: Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR), Taxa Interna de Retorno Modificada (TIRM), Índice de Lucratividade (IL), Taxa de Rentabilidade (TR), Valor Presente Líquido Anualizado (VPLA) e Payback Descontado (PD). As análises de eficiência econômica e financeira apontaram que a exploração da banana orgânica é um empreendimento significativamente rentável. O estudo também revela que no sistema de cultivo em análise os gastos com insumos superam os gastos com serviço, sendo a água o item mais caro.