In vitro characterization of the antiviral activity of fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus against Newcastle Disease Virus

Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) causes a serious infectious disease in birds that results in severe losses in the worldwide poultry industry. Despite vaccination, NDV outbreaks have increased the necessity of alternative prevention and control measures. Several recent studies focused on antiviral compounds obtained from natural resources. Many extracts from marine organisms have been isolated and tested for pharmacological purposes, and their antiviral activity has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide present in the cell wall matrix of brown algae that has been demonstrated to inhibit certain enveloped viruses with low toxicity. This study evaluated the potential antiviral activity and the mechanism of action of fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus against NDV in the Vero cell line

In vitro anti-canine distemper virus activity of fucoidan extracted from the brown alga Cladosiphon okamuranus

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a morbillivirus related to measles virus that infects dogs and other carnivores. CDV has a significant global impact on animal health; however, there is no current antiviral treatment for CDV infection. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that sulfated polysaccharides exhibit antiviral properties both in vivo and in vitro, despite their low cytotoxicity to host cells. Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide found in the cell wall matrix of brown algae. In this study, we evaluated in vitro anti-CDV activity of fucoidan, which was derived from Cladosiphon okamuranus. Fucoidan actively inhibited CDV replication in Vero cells at a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.1 lg/ml. The derived selectivity index (SI50) was[20,000. This polysaccharide likely inhibits viral infection by interference in the early steps and by inhibiting CDV-mediated cell fusion. Fucoidan may be useful in development of pharmacological strategies to treat and control CDV infection.

Sulphated polysaccharides from Ulva clathrata and Cladosiphon okamuranus seaweeds both inhibit viral attachment/entry and cell-cell fusion, in NDV infection

Sulphated polysaccharides (SP) extracted from seaweeds have antiviral properties and are much less cytotoxic than conventional drugs, but little is known about their mode of action. Combination antiviral chemotherapy may offer advantages over single agent therapy, increasing efficiency, potency and delaying the emergence of resistant virus. The paramyxoviridae family includes pathogens causing morbidity and mortality worldwide in humans and animals, such as the Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) in poultry. This study aims at determining the antiviral activity and mechanism of action in vitro of an ulvan (SP from the green seaweed Ulva clathrata), and of its mixture with a fucoidan (SP from Cladosiphon okamuranus), against La Sota NDV strain. The ulvan antiviral activity was tested using syncytia formation, exhibiting an IC50 of 0.1 μg/mL; ulvan had a better anti cell-cell spread effect than that previously shown for fucoidan, and inhibited cell-cell fusion via a direct effect on the F0 protein, but did not show any virucidal effect. The mixture of ulvan and fucoidan showed a greater anti-spread effect than SPs alone, but ulvan antagonizes the effect of fucoidan on the viral attachment/entry. Both SPs may be promising antivirals against paramyxovirus infection but their mixture has no clear synergistic advantage

Cálculo de inventarios para la relocalización de proveedores en la cadena de suministro

OBJETIVO Y MÉTODO DE ESTUDIO: El objetivo del estudio se centra en la problemática de una compañía manufacturera para integrar las características de su cadena de suministro recién modificada en el cálculo de los niveles de inventarios de seguridad que se deben mantener con la finalidad de amortiguar la incertidumbre de dicha cadena, así como de definir inventarios esperados certeros en la planta después de dichas modificaciones. Se presentan las fórmulas matemáticas encontradas en la literatura para abordar dicha problemática y hacer los cálculos correspondientes. Estos son realizados en una hoja de cálculo tomando como base la información del plan para cada parte proporcionado por la compañía. CONTRIBUCIONES Y CONCLUSIONES: Los cálculos se realizaron para todos los materiales (materia prima) que habían sufrido de modificaciones en la cadena de suministro, y los niveles de inventario de seguridad recomendados por la metodología se fueron implementando poco a poco a cada uno de dichos materiales, trayendo consigo notables mejoras en los niveles de inventario promedio en la planta manufacturera, sin afectar los niveles de servicio previamente establecidos por la compañía. El impacto de la aplicación de la metodología ha sido bastante bueno, ya que además de disminuir los niveles de inventario ha demostrado a los propios integrantes de la cadena, que mediante la sincronización de la misma se pueden lograr resultados favorables para todos.

Prácticas educativas sobre el diseño gráfico en México

Este trabajo es un aporte para la comprensión del fenómeno tan vasto e inabarcable como lo es la enseñanza profesional del diseño gráfico en México. Este texto se enfocará en los datos sobre los programas de diseño gráfico a nivel profesional que sirvan para tener una visión general de partes de la realidad de este objeto de estudio. El objetivo también es despertar inquietudes acerca de los detalles de los resultados que se presentan y continuar indagando al respecto, cada vez con más detalle.