Evolución morfosintáctica en las lenguas chibchas

Es una descripción de fenómenos evolutivos en la caracterización morfosintáctica de las lenguas boruca, teribe y guaymí, todas de la familia chibcha. Del boruca se estudia la dimensión témporo-aspectual y su evolución a un sistema aspectual en sustitución de uno temporal. El teribe presenta un caso de morfologización en sus relaciones gramaticales derivado del análisis del orden de las palabras. En el guaimí, se da la reorganización como resultado un nuevo patrón de relaciones fundamentales que sigue un esquema de nominativo marcado, en su variante costarricense.A series of evolutive phenomena are described regarding the morphosyntactic characterization of the Chibchan languages Boruca, Teribe and Guaymí. The Boruca case analyzes the temporo-aspectual dimension and its evolution from a temporal system towards an aspectual one. Teribe is examined from the perspective of the morphologization of its grammatical relations derived from an analysis of word order. The Guaymí study shows a reorganization yielding a system of a marked nominative in the fundamental relations of the language, in its Costa Rican variant.

Elimination of urine in response to water intake is consistent in well-hydrated individuals

A simple method has been recently proposed to assess acute hydration status in humans; however, several questions remain regarding its reliability, validity, and practicality. Objective: Establish reliability of a simple method to assess euhydration, that is, to analyze whether this method can be used as a consistent indicator of a person´s hydration status. In addition, the study sought to assess the effect exercise has on urine volume when euhydration is maintained and a standardized volume of water is ingested. Methods: Five healthy physically active men and five healthy physically active women, 22.5 ± 2.3 years of age (mean ± standard deviation) reported to the laboratory after fasting for 10 hours or more on three occasions, each one week apart. During the two identical resting euhydration conditions (EuA and EuB), participants remained seated for 45 minutes. During the exercise condition (EuExer), participants exercised intermittently in an environmental chamber (average temperature and relative humidity = 32 ± 3°C and 65 ± 7%, respectively) for a period of 45 minutes and drank water to offset loss due to sweating. The order of treatments was randomized. Upon finishing the treatment period, they ingested a volume of water equivalent to 1.43% body mass (BM) within 30 minutes. Urine was collected and measured henceforth every 30 minutes for 3 hours. Results: Urine volume eliminated during EuExer (1205 ± 399.5 ml) was not different from EuB (1072.2±413.1 ml) or EuA (1068 ± 382.87 ml) (p-value = 0.44). Both resting conditions were practically identical (p-value = 0.98) and presented a strong intraclass correlation (r = 0.849, p-value = 0.001). Conclusions: This method, besides simple, proved to be consistent in all conditions; therefore, it can be used with the certainty that measurements are valid and reliable.

Strategies to Promote Research and Logical Reasoning in the Teaching of Mathematics in the Schools

The purpose of this paper is to raise a debate on the urgent need for teachers to generate innovative situations in the teaching-learning process, in the field of Mathematics, as a way for students to develop logical reasoning and research skills applicable to everyday situations. It includes some statistical data and possible reasons for the poor performance and dissatisfaction of students towards Mathematics. Since teachers are called to offer meaningful and functional learning experiences to students, in order to promote the pleasure of learning, teacher training should include experiences that can be put into practice by teachers in the education centers. This paper includes a work proposal for Mathematics Teaching to generate discussion, curiosity and logical reasoning in students, together with the Mathematical problem solving study.