BACKLASH Y ABUSO SEXUAL INFANTIL: LA EMERGENCIA DE NUEVAS AMENAZAS A LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS DE LAS PERSONAS MENORES DE EDAD

ResumenEl presente artículo se propone como una disertación en torno al fenómeno del abuso sexual infantily el Backlash, comprendiendo a este último como un contra-movimiento social que buscalegitimar diversas manifestaciones de violencia en contra de las mujeres y las personas menoresde edad. En aras de alcanzar dicho propósito, el artículo parte de la conceptualización del términoabuso sexual infantil, resaltando sus principales características y consecuencias, continúa con unadiscusión conceptual en torno al Backlash y sus principales derivaciones y concluye con una reflexiónrespecto a la relación entre este y el abuso sexual infantil. Producto del recorrido emprendido seafirma que, si bien el Backlash nace como una respuesta contraria y contestataria al éxito obtenidopor el movimiento de mujeres, ha evolucionado e incursionado en otras áreas temáticas, como lo esel abuso sexual infantil, cuya comprensión y atención se ha visto influenciada por teorías “pseudocientíficas” como el síndrome de alienación parental y el síndrome de falsas memorias, desde lascuales se desacredita la revelación de las víctimas. En tanto el uso de teorías compatibles con elBacklash en procesos de custodia y juicios por denuncias de abuso sexual se encuentra en aumentovertiginoso, se concluye que el movimiento de derechos humanos debe fortalecer una respuestaconjunta y sólida frente a esta reacción extrema.AbstractThe present article is a dissertation proposal regarding the child sexual abuse phenomenon and the Backlash, being the last a social countermovement which pretends to legitimize various manifestations of violence towards women and underage people. The article starts from the conceptualization of the term child sexual abuse, highlighting its key characteristics and consequences, moving on to a conceptual discussion concerning Backlash and its main derivations, and ending in a reflection about its relationship with child sexual abuse. From the research undertaken it is stated that, while Backlash started out as a counter response to the success achieved by the women movement, it has evolved and moved into other thematic areas, such as child sexual abuse, which understanding and focus have been influenced by pseudoscientific theories like the parental alienation syndrome and the false memory syndrome, from which the victims’ declarations are discredited. While the use of Backlash compatible theories in custody processes and sexual abuse accusation trials shows an accelerated increase, it is concluded that the human rights movement needs to build up a solid and joint answer against this extreme response.Keywords:Backlash, child sexual abuse, parental alienation syndrome, false memories syndrome.

El abuso sexual a niñas, niños y adolescentes: un secreto familiar, un problema familiar, un problema social

This investigation has the purpose of identifying how to prevent through educational processes, and then eradicate, the sexual abuse against children and adolescents in rural communities from Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. The premise is that sexual abuse cannot be approached in an isolated way; it requires integral and committed actions of the institutions in charge of children and adolescents’ integral protection and development. This implies considering: the legal framework, the response offered by government and private organizations towards the prevention and attention of rights as well as their actions to penalize and restore the violated rights; the role of families as main responsible of the well being of their children and the role of children and adolescents.

Effect on the disability index of adult patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo using vestibular rehabilitation and human movement

Objective: determine the effect on the disability index of adult patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) using vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT) and human movement. Subjects: six subjects with an average age of 49.5 ± 14.22 years who have been diagnosed with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo by an otolaryngologist. Instruments: the Dizziness Handicap Inventory and a questionnaire to determine impact on the quality of life of patients with this pathology (Ceballos and Vargas, 2004). Procedure: subjects underwent vestibular therapy for four weeks together with habituation and balance exercises in a semi-supervised manner. Two measurements were performed, one before and one after the vestibular therapy and researchers determined if there was any improvement in the physical, functional, and emotional dimensions. Statistical analysis: descriptive statistics and Student’s t-test of repeated measures were applied to analyze results obtained. Results: significant statistical differences were found in the physical dimension between the pre-test (19.33 ± 4.67 points) and post-test (13 ± 7.24 points) (t = 2.65; p < 0.05).  In contrast, no significant statistical differences were found in the functional (t = 2.44; p>0.05), emotional (t = 2.37; p>0.05) or general dimensions (t = 2.55; p>0.05). Conclusion: vestibular therapy with a semi-supervised human movement program improved the index of disability due to vertigo (physical dimension) in BPPV subjects.

La experiencia de la Escuela de Psicología de la Universidad de Costa Rica en la atención de la explotación sexual comercial: un acercamiento crítico al modelo cíclico de respuestas articuladas como estrategia para garantizar la protección integral de derechos

ResumenEl siguiente artículo busca conceptualizar inicialmente el fenómeno de la explotación sexual comercial con el objetivo de vislumbrar los principales enfoques que predominan en su abordaje. Asimismo, caracteriza y analiza desde una postura género sensitiva, el modelo cíclico de respuestas articuladas, gestado e implementado en Costa Rica como una estrategia eficaz en la protección integral de las personas menores de edad víctimas de explotación comercial. Dicho análisis, se enfoca en la experiencia teórica y práctica de la Escuela de Psicología de la Universidad de Costa Rica, al ser la instancia costarricense que posee mayor experticia enel uso del modelo. Producto de la investigación realizada, se concluye que en la actualidad se presenta una yuxtaposición de enfoques en la atención de la explotación sexual comercial; asimismo, se vislumbra la necesidad de crear e implementar formas de abordaje que impacten directamente en la proclividad y en la demanda del comercio sexual con personas menores de 18 años. Por último, se destaca la eficacia del modelo cíclico de respuestas articuladas enel abordaje de este fenómeno, al instituirse en una modalidad de atención congruente con la complejidad de factores implicados en dicha problemática.Palabras clave: modelos de intervención, explotación sexual comercial, género, derechos humanos. AbstractThe present article is an attempt to conceptualize the commercial sexual exploitation phenomenon in order to glimpse the main approaches related to its study. Moreover, it characterizes and analyzesfrom a gender-sensitive posture the cyclic model of articulated responses, gestated and implemented in Costa Rica as an effective strategy in the integral protection of child victims of commercial sexual exploitation. This analysis focuses on theoretical and practical experience from the University of Costa Rica’s School of Psychology, being the instance in this country with the most expertise in the application of this model. As a result of the research conducted, it is concluded that there is a juxtaposition of approaches in the attention of commercial sexual exploitation; in addition, the need of creating and implementing approaching methods that directly impact the tendency and demand ofcommercial sexual exploitation of children is noted. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cyclic model of articulated responses in the treatment of this phenomenon is emphasized, being an approach notably congruent with the complexity of factors implicated in this problem. Keywords: intervention models, commercial sexual exploitation, gender, human rights.