Salud sexual, SALUD REPRODUCTIVA Y ABORTO: ¿QUÉ DERECHOS?

ResumenEl aborto es un tema debatido desde hace décadas. En España, se ha aprobado recientemente la LO 2/2010, de salud sexual y reproductiva y de la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo, que implica un importante cambio en la regulación del aborto: establece un sistema de aborto a petición de la embarazada en un plazo, manteniendo determinadas indicaciones durante más tiempo. El presente artículo analiza el contenido de la salud sexual y reproductiva, los derechos de la mujer y la protección del no nacido en el Derecho Internacional, así como la jurisprudencia constitucional española y la diferencia sustancial del sistema de plazos respecto al de supuestos, la ética médica al respecto y las exigencias del consentimiento informado. Finalmente, se aborda el problema del consentimiento de los menores a la unión sexual y al aborto.AbstractAbortion is an issue that has been discussed for decades. In Spain, the Law on sexual and reproductive health and the voluntary interruption of pregnancy (LO 2/2010) has been recently passed. It implies an important change in abortion legislation: it states an abortion upon request of the pregnant woman during a predetermined period of time, while maintaining certain regulations for a long time. This article analyzes the content of sexual and reproductive health, women’s rights and the protection of the unborn under International Law, as well as the constitutional Spanish jurisprudence; the essential difference of the term-based system in regards to the assumptions system, medical ethics on this matter and the requirements of the informed consent. Lastly, the article deals with the problem of the minors’ consent to sexual union and abortion.

Antecedente nacional e internacional sobre la percepción y los derechos de las niñas, los niños, los y las adolescentes

Until the middle of the XVIII Century, children were considered as miniature adults, but with Jean Jacob Rousseau the study of the development of the human being was started and the foundation was set up for the new science of Paidology (the study of children), wich focuses on the different intellectual and physical conflicts which children face, and also for other sciencies such as Paidofilaxis, Pueroculture and Pediatrics. The Society of Nations, created, in 1919, the Consultancy for the Trafficking of Women and the Protection of Children, and in Geneva, the International Union for Aid was founded in 1920. In Argentina, the First American Congress for Children was organized in 1916, and others followed. The first Declaration of Childrens Right was proclaimed in 1924 and then followed the first Ten Commandments of Childrens Rights. In Costa Rica in 1929, a project was presented for the Constitutional Congress to establish an institution for the protection of children, wich was duly enacted into law in 1930 with the name of National Institution for the Protection of Children (Patronato Nacional de la Infancia, PANI) whose duty was to oversee the welfare of minors and their physical, intellectual, moral and emotional development. In 1930, the first Declaration of the Rights for Costarrican Children was proclaimed. The creation of the PANI, the declaration of Childrens Rights, and the enactment of a Code for Infants (1932), constitute the three events that signal Costa Rica as one of the pioneers countries in Latin American and the World, in the protectionof children and mothers. At the end of the article, some of the crucial events that have happened during the decades that PANI has been working in the country are analized.

La progresividad del artículo 1° de la Declaración Americana de los Derechos y Deberes: el aporte del desarrollo de los derechos reproductivos en América Latina

 Resumen  El desarrollo progresivo del derecho a la vida, la libertad y la seguridad personal se han visto enriquecidos con la lucha y posterior positivación de los derechos reproductivos, en tanto estos han generado una ampliación de los criterios sobre los cuales se basa la obligación del Estado respecto de los derechos humanos en general, y en particular de aquellos consagrados en el primer artículo de la Declaración Americana de Derechos y Deberes. Los países de América Latina, en el marco de dicha obligación, han adoptado posturas diversas frente a los derechos reproductivos, específicamente en lo que refiere a la despenalización del aborto consolidando tres grandes tendencias regionales que muestran aciertos y desaciertos. El presente artículo que surge como reflexión personal propuesta como aporte académico en el marco de los debates jurídicos llevados a cabo durante el I Congreso Latinoamericano Jurídico sobre Derechos Reproductivos, tiene como objetivo realizar una mirada a dichas tendencias con el fin de dar un panorama general de la situación de América Latina y su deuda frente a los derechos reproductivos y de esta manera pensar propuestas más holísticas para alcanzar la realización de dichos derechos, y consecuentemente seguir promoviendo progresivamente el desarrollo del derecho a la vida, la libertad y la seguridad personal.Palabras clave: derechos reproductivos, vida, libertad personal, progresividad.AbstractThe progressive development of the right to life, liberty and personal security has been enriched by the struggle for and subsequent onset of reproductive rights, in as much as they have widened the State’s obligations towards the respect of human rights and in particular those enumerated in the first article of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties. Latin American countries, within these requirements, have taken diverse stances towards reproductive rights, specifically with regards to the decriminalization of abortion, which can be reduced into three major trends representing successes as well as errors. This article comes as a personal reflection, and proposed as an academic contribution, in the context of legal debates held during the First Latin American Congress on Reproductive Rights Law. It is aimed at taking a look at these trends in order to give an overview on the situation in Latin America and its debt to reproductive rights, and, in this way, to ponder about more holistic proposals to achieve their fulfillment, hence progressively promoting the development of the right to life, to liberty and to personal security. Keywords: Reproductive rights, life, personal liberty, progressiveness.