Identificação de padrões de uso do solo urbano em São Paulo/SP utilizando parâmetros de variogramas.

As imagens de alta resolução espacial impulsionaram os estudos de Sensoriamento Remoto em ambientes urbanos, já que elas permitem uma melhor distinção dos elementos que compõem esse ambiente tão heterogêneo. Técnicas de Geoestatística são cada vez mais utilizadas em estudos de Sensoriamento Remoto e o variograma é uma importante ferramenta de análise geoestatística, pois permitem entender o comportamento espacial de uma variável regionalizada, neste caso, os níveis de cinza de uma imagem de satélite. O presente trabalho pretende avaliar a proposta metodológica que consiste em identificar padrões residenciais urbanos de três classes de uso e ocupação do solo por meio da análise dos valores apresentados pelos parâmetros, alcance, patamar e efeito pepita de um variograma. A hipótese é que os valores correspondentes a esses parâmetros representem o comportamento espectral padrão de cada classe e, portando, indicam que há um padrão na organização espacial de cada uma das classes. Para a presente pesquisa foram utilizadas imagem IKONOS 2002, e a classificação de uso e ocupação do solo da sub-bacia do córrego Bananal na bacia do Rio Cabuçu de Baixo em São Paulo SP. Amostras das imagens de cada classe foram extraídas e os valores de nível de cinza em cada pixel foram utilizados para calcular os variogramas. Após análise dos resultados obtidos, apenas o parâmetro alcance foi levado em consideração, pois é através desse parâmetro que se observa o grau de homogeneidade de cada amostra. Os valores de alcance obtidos nos cálculos dos variogramas identificaram com melhor precisão a classe Conjuntos Residenciais que é uma classe com padrões e características singulares, já a identificação das classes Ocupação Densa Regular e Ocupação Densa Irregular não obteve uma precisão boa, sendo que essas classes são similares em diversos aspectos.

On the development of advanced techniques for mixed-elastohydrodynamic lubrification modelling of journal and sliding bearing systems.

The present thesis is focused on the development of a thorough mathematical modelling and computational solution framework aimed at the numerical simulation of journal and sliding bearing systems operating under a wide range of lubrication regimes (mixed, elastohydrodynamic and full film lubrication regimes) and working conditions (static, quasi-static and transient conditions). The fluid flow effects have been considered in terms of the Isothermal Generalized Equation of the Mechanics of the Viscous Thin Films (Reynolds equation), along with the massconserving p-Ø Elrod-Adams cavitation model that accordingly ensures the so-called JFO complementary boundary conditions for fluid film rupture. The variation of the lubricant rheological properties due to the viscous-pressure (Barus and Roelands equations), viscous-shear-thinning (Eyring and Carreau-Yasuda equations) and density-pressure (Dowson-Higginson equation) relationships have also been taken into account in the overall modelling. Generic models have been derived for the aforementioned bearing components in order to enable their applications in general multibody dynamic systems (MDS), and by including the effects of angular misalignments, superficial geometric defects (form/waviness deviations, EHL deformations, etc.) and axial motion. The bearing exibility (conformal EHL) has been incorporated by means of FEM model reduction (or condensation) techniques. The macroscopic in fluence of the mixedlubrication phenomena have been included into the modelling by the stochastic Patir and Cheng average ow model and the Greenwood-Williamson/Greenwood-Tripp formulations for rough contacts. Furthermore, a deterministic mixed-lubrication model with inter-asperity cavitation has also been proposed for full-scale simulations in the microscopic (roughness) level. According to the extensive mathematical modelling background established, three significant contributions have been accomplished. Firstly, a general numerical solution for the Reynolds lubrication equation with the mass-conserving p - Ø cavitation model has been developed based on the hybridtype Element-Based Finite Volume Method (EbFVM). This new solution scheme allows solving lubrication problems with complex geometries to be discretized by unstructured grids. The numerical method was validated in agreement with several example cases from the literature, and further used in numerical experiments to explore its exibility in coping with irregular meshes for reducing the number of nodes required in the solution of textured sliding bearings. Secondly, novel robust partitioned techniques, namely: Fixed Point Gauss-Seidel Method (PGMF), Point Gauss-Seidel Method with Aitken Acceleration (PGMA) and Interface Quasi-Newton Method with Inverse Jacobian from Least-Squares approximation (IQN-ILS), commonly adopted for solving uid-structure interaction problems have been introduced in the context of tribological simulations, particularly for the coupled calculation of dynamic conformal EHL contacts. The performance of such partitioned methods was evaluated according to simulations of dynamically loaded connecting-rod big-end bearings of both heavy-duty and high-speed engines. Finally, the proposed deterministic mixed-lubrication modelling was applied to investigate the in fluence of the cylinder liner wear after a 100h dynamometer engine test on the hydrodynamic pressure generation and friction of Twin-Land Oil Control Rings.