Reading words into statutes : when Homer nods

The grammatical meaning of a statutory provision may not always gel with the purpose of the statute. The court may strive to give the provision an interpretation at odds with its ordinary and natural meaning to meet the purpose of the legislation. On occasion, this may involve notionally adding words to, or substituting words in, a statutory provision. This process of “reading in” words demands that close attention be paid to the boundary between statutory construction and judicial legislation, particularly where a court is invited to carve out an exception from grammatically clear words. In Jones v Wrotham Park Settled Estates [1980] AC 74, Lord Diplock identified three pre-conditions to reading words into a statute. This article analyses the utility of those conditions within the context of the modern purposive approach to statutory interpretation and evaluates whether they remain sufficient guideposts for identifying the boundary between interpretation and legislation.

English Teachers at Work : Narratives, Counter Narratives and Argument

Do English teachers around the world share a common set of values, knowledge and experiences? Do they face the same kind of challenges? What can English teachers from different national settings learn by engaging with dialogue with one another? What histories shape the professional practice of English teachers? What impact have government policies and curricula had on English teachers' sense of professional identity? English Teachers at Work focuses on the professional knowledge and practice of teachers of English in a range of national settings.

Novel keratins identified by quantitative proteomic analysis as the major cytoskeletal proteins of equine (Equus caballus) hoof lamellar tissue

The dermo-epidermal interface that connects the equine distal phalanx to the cornified hoof wall withstands great biomechanical demands, but is also a region where structural failure often ensues as a result of laminitis. The cytoskeleton in this region maintains cell structure and facilitates intercellular adhesion, making it likely to be involved in laminitis pathogenesis, although it is poorly characterized in the equine hoof lamellae. The objective of the present study was to identify and quantify the cytoskeletal proteins present in the epidermal and dermal lamellae of the equine hoof by proteomic techniques. Protein was extracted from the mid-dorsal epidermal and dermal lamellae from the front feet of 5 Standardbred geldings and 1 Thoroughbred stallion. Mass spectrometry-based spectral counting techniques, PAGE, and immunoblotting were used to identify and quantify cytoskeletal proteins, and indirect immunofluorescence was used for cellular localization of K14 and K124 (where K refers to keratin). Proteins identified by spectral counting analysis included 3 actin microfilament proteins; 30 keratin proteins along with vimentin, desmin, peripherin, internexin, and 2 lamin intermediate filament proteins; and 6 tubulin microtubule proteins. Two novel keratins, K42 and K124, were identified as the most abundant cytoskeletal proteins (22.0 ± 3.2% and 23.3 ± 4.2% of cytoskeletal proteins, respectively) in equine hoof lamellae. Immunoreactivity to K14 was localized to the basal cell layer, and that to K124 was localized to basal and suprabasal cells in the secondary epidermal lamellae. Abundant proteins K124, K42, K14, K5, and α1-actin were identified on 1- and 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gels and aligned with the results of previous studies. Results of the present study provide the first comprehensive analysis of cytoskeletal proteins present in the equine lamellae by using mass spectrometry-based techniques for protein quantification and identification.