Mindfulness-based stress management: Findings from randomized controlled trials

The use of Mindfulness has become increasingly popular in the field of psychotherapy and counselling, and is now finding application in unexpected places. Is it just another therapeutic fad or an evidence-based intervention with lasting value? ROBERT KING provides a timely review of the research literature to provide a summary of the findings of randomised control trials of the clinical efficacy or effectiveness of Mindfulness as a stress reduction intervention.

Towards a controlled growth of self-assembled nanostructures: shaping, ordering and localization in Ge/Si heteroepitaxy.

The strain-induced self-assembly of suitable semiconductor pairs is an attractive natural route to nanofabrication. To bring to fruition their full potential for actual applications, individual nanostructures need to be combined into ordered patterns in which the location of each single unit is coupled with others and the surrounding environment. Within the Ge/Si model system, we analyze a number of examples of bottom-up strategies in which the shape, positioning, and actual growth mode of epitaxial nanostructures are tailored by manipulating the intrinsic physical processes of heteroepitaxy. The possibility of controlling elastic interactions and, hence, the configuration of self-assembled quantum dots by modulating surface orientation with the miscut angle is discussed. We focus on the use of atomic steps and step bunching as natural templates for nanodot clustering. Then, we consider several different patterning techniques which allow one to harness the natural self-organization dynamics of the system, such as: scanning tunneling nanolithography, focused ion beam and nanoindentation patterning. By analyzing the evolution of the dot assembly by scanning probe microscopy, we follow the pathway which leads to lateral ordering, discussing the thermodynamic and kinetic effects involved in selective nucleation on patterned substrates.

Determinants of rapid weight gain during infancy: Baseline results from the NOURISH randomised controlled trial.

Background: Rapid weight gain in infancy is an important predictor of obesity in later childhood. Our aim was to determine which modifiable variables are associated with rapid weight gain in early life. Methods: Subjects were healthy infants enrolled in NOURISH, a randomised, controlled trial evaluating an intervention to promote positive early feeding practices. This analysis used the birth and baseline data for NOURISH. Birthweight was collected from hospital records and infants were also weighed at baseline assessment when they were aged 4-7 months and before randomisation. Infant feeding practices and demographic variables were collected from the mother using a self administered questionnaire. Rapid weight gain was defined as an increase in weight-for-age Z-score (using WHO standards) above 0.67 SD from birth to baseline assessment, which is interpreted clinically as crossing centile lines on a growth chart. Variables associated with rapid weight gain were evaluated using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: Complete data were available for 612 infants (88% of the total sample recruited) with a mean (SD) age of 4.3 (1.0) months at baseline assessment. After adjusting for mother's age, smoking in pregnancy, BMI, and education and infant birthweight, age, gender and introduction of solid foods, the only two modifiable factors associated with rapid weight gain to attain statistical significance were formula feeding [OR=1.72 (95%CI 1.01-2.94), P= 0.047] and feeding on schedule [OR=2.29 (95%CI 1.14-4.61), P=0.020]. Male gender and lower birthweight were non-modifiable factors associated with rapid weight gain. Conclusions: This analysis supports the contention that there is an association between formula feeding, feeding to schedule and weight gain in the first months of life. Mechanisms may include the actual content of formula milk (e.g. higher protein intake) or differences in feeding styles, such as feeding to schedule, which increase the risk of overfeeding. Trial Registration: Australian Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12608000056392

Motivational Interviewing (MINT) improves Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) acceptance and adherence : a randomised controlled trial

Objective: Adherence to Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy (CPAP) for Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) is poor. We assessed the effectiveness of a motivational interviewing intervention (MINT) in addition to best practice standard care to improve acceptance and adherence to CPAP therapy in people with a new diagnosis of OSA. Method: 106 Australian adults (69% male) with a new diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea and clinical recommendation for CPAP treatment were recruited from a tertiary sleep disorders centre. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either three sessions of a motivational interviewing intervention ‘MINT’ (n=53; mean age=55.4 years), or no intervention ‘Control’ (n=53; mean age=57.74). The primary outcome was the difference between the groups in objective CPAP adherence at 1 month, 2 months, 3 months and 12 months follow-up. Results: Fifty (94%) participants in the MINT group and 50 (94%) of participants in the control group met all inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the primary analysis. The hours of CPAP use per night in the MINT group at 3 months was 4.63 hours and 3.16 hours in the control group (p=0.005). This represents almost 50% better adherence in the MINT group relative to the control group. Patients in the MINT group were substantially more likely to accept CPAP treatment. Conclusions: MINT is a brief, manualized, effective intervention which improves CPAP acceptance and objective adherence rates as compared to standard care alone.

Controlled drift: an investigation into the controllability of underwater vehicles with minimal actuation

This paper is directed towards providing an answer to the question, ”Can you control the trajectory of a Lagrangian float?” Being a float that has minimal actuation (only buoyancy control), their horizontal trajectory is dictated through drifting with ocean currents. However, with the appropriate vertical actuation and utilising spatio-temporal variations in water speed and direction, we show here that broad controllabilty results can be met such as waypoint following to keep a float inside of a bay or out of a designated region. This paper extends theory experimen- tally evaluted on horizontally actuated Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) for trajectory control utilising ocean forecast models and presents an initial investi- gation into the controllability of these minimally actuated drifting AUVs. Simulated results for offshore coastal and within highly dynamic tidal bays illustrate two tech- niques with the promise for an affirmative answer to the posed question above.

Peer supporters for cardiac patients with diabetes : a randomised controlled trial

Aims: To determine whether incorporation of patient peer supporters in a Cardiac-Diabetes Self-Management Program (Peer-CDSMP) led to greater improvement in self-efficacy, knowledge and self-management behaviour in the intervention group compared to a control group. Background: Promoting improved self-management for those with diabetes and a cardiac condition is enhanced by raising motivation and providing a model. Peer support from former patients who are able to successfully manage similar conditions could enhance patient motivation to achieve better health outcomes and provide a model of how such management can be achieved. While studies on peer support have demonstrated the potential of peers in promoting self-management, none have examined the impact on patients with two comorbidities. Methods: A randomised controlled trial was used to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of the Peer-CDSMP from August 2009 to December 2010. Thirty cardiac patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited. The study commenced in an acute hospital, follow up at participants’ homes in Brisbane Australia. Results: While both the control and intervention groups had improved self-care behaviour, self-efficacy and knowledge, the improvement in knowledge was significantly greater for the intervention group. Conclusions: Significant improvement in knowledge was achieved for the intervention group. Absence of significant improvements in self-efficacy and self-care behaviour represents an inconclusive effect; further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended.

Controlled growth of carbon nanotubes for electronic and photovoltaic applications

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), experimentally observed for the first time twenty years ago, have triggered an unprecedented research effort, on the account of their astonishing structural, mechanical and electronic properties. Unfortunately, the current inability in predicting the CNTs’ properties and the difficulty in controlling their position on a substrate are often limiting factors for the application of this material in actual devices. This research aims at the creation of specific methodologies for controlled synthesis of CNTs, leading to effectively employ them in various fields of electronics, e.g. photovoltaics. Focused Ion Beam (FIB) patterning of Si surfaces is here proposed as a means for ordering the assembly of vertical-aligned CNTs. With this technique, substrates with specific nano-structured morphologies have been prepared, enabling a high degree of control over CNTs’ position and size. On these nano-structured substrates, the growth of CNTs has been realized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), i.e. thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon gases over a heated catalyst. The most common materials used as catalysts in CVD are transition metals like Fe and Ni; however, their presence in the CNT products often results in shortcomings for electronic applications, especially for those based on silicon, being the metallic impurities incompatible with very-large-scale integration (VLSI) technology. In the present work the role of Ge dots as an alternative catalysts for CNTs synthesis on Si substrates has been thoroughly assessed, finding a close connection between the catalytic activity of such material and the CVD conditions, which can affect both size and morphology of the dots. Successful CNT growths from Ge dots have been obtained by CVD at temperatures ranging from 750 to 1000°C, with mixtures of acetylene and hydrogen in an argon carrier gas. The morphology of the Si surface is observed to play a crucial role for the outcome of the CNT synthesis: natural (i.e. chemical etching) and artificial (i.e. FIB patterning, nanoindentation) means of altering this morphology in a controlled way have been then explored to optimize the CNTs yield. All the knowledge acquired in this study has been finally applied to synthesize CNTs on transparent conductive electrodes (indium-tin oxide, ITO, coated glasses), for the creation of a new class of anodes for organic photovoltaics. An accurate procedure has been established which guarantees a controlled inclusion of CNTs on ITO films, preserving their optical and electrical properties. By using this set of conditions, a CNTenhanced electrode has been built, contributing to improve the power conversion efficiency of polymeric solar cells.

Force controlled hexapod walking

In this paper we describe the dynamic simulation of an 18 degrees of freedom hexapod robot with the objective of developing control algorithms for smooth, efficient and robust walking in irregular terrain. This is to be achieved by using force sensors in addition to the conventional joint angle sensors as proprioceptors. The reaction forces on the feet of the robot provide the necessary information on the robots interaction with the terrain. As a first step we validate the simulator by implementing movement control by joint torques using PID controllers. As an unexpected by-product we find that it is simple to achieve robust walking behaviour on even terrain for a hexapod with the help of PID controllers and by specifying a trajectory of only a few joint configurations.

Facet-controlled Self-assembly of ZnO Nanocrystals by Non-Hydrolytic Aminolysis and their Photodegradation Activities

We report a method for controlling the exposed facets and hence the dimensionality and shape of ZnO nanocrystals using a non-hydrolytic aminolysis synthesis route. The effects of changes to reaction conditions on ZnO formation were investigated and possible self-assembly mechanisms proposed. The crystal facet growth and hence morphologies of the ZnO nanocrystals were controlled by varying reaction temperature and the reactant ratio. Four distinct ZnO nanocrystal types were produced (nanocones, nanobullets, nanorods and nanoplates). The relative photocatalytic activities of the exposed facets of these ZnO nanostructures were also examined, which showed the activities obviously depended on the reactivity of exposed crystal facets in the order: {1011}>>{0001}, {1010}.