Mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds for efficient delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor

In this article, we, for the first time, investigated mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds for the delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor. We have found that mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds have significantly higher loading efficiency and more sustained release of vascular endothelial growth factor than non-mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds. In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor delivery from mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds has improved the viability of endothelial cells. The study has suggested that mesopore structures in mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds play an important role in improving the loading efficiency, decreasing the burst release, and maintaining the bioactivity of vascular endothelial growth factor, indicating that mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds are an excellent carrier of vascular endothelial growth factor for potential bone tissue engineering applications.

Fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibition synergizes with paclitaxel and doxorubicin in endometrial cancer cells

OBJECTIVE: The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of signaling molecules has been associated with chemoresistance and poor prognosis in a number of cancer types, including lung, breast, ovarian, prostate, and head and neck carcinomas. Given the identification of activating mutations in the FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2) receptor tyrosine kinase in a subset of endometrial tumors, agents with activity against FGFRs are currently being tested in clinical trials for recurrent and progressive endometrial cancer. Here, we evaluated the effect of FGFR inhibition on the in vitro efficacy of chemotherapy in endometrial cancer cell lines. METHODS: Human endometrial cancer cell lines with wild-type or activating FGFR2 mutations were used to determine any synergism with concurrent use of the pan-FGFR inhibitor, PD173074, and the chemotherapeutics, doxorubicin and paclitaxel, on cell proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS: FGFR2 mutation status did not alter sensitivity to either chemotherapeutic agent alone. The combination of PD173074 with paclitaxel or doxorubicin showed synergistic activity in the 3 FGFR2 mutant cell lines evaluated. In addition, although nonmutant cell lines were resistant to FGFR inhibition alone, the addition of PD173074 potentiated the cytostatic effect of paclitaxel and doxorubicin in a subset of FGFR2 wild-type endometrial cancer cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: Together these data suggest a potential therapeutic benefit to combining an FGFR inhibitor with standard chemotherapeutic agents in endometrial cancer therapy particularly in patients with FGFR2 mutation positive tumors.

The cell surface glycoprotein CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) contributes to epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated cell migration

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) activation of the EGF receptor (EGFR) is an important mediator of cell migration, and aberrant signaling via this system promotes a number of malignancies including ovarian cancer. We have identified the cell surface glycoprotein CDCP1 as a key regulator of EGF/EGFR-induced cell migration. We show that signaling via EGF/EGFR induces migration of ovarian cancer Caov3 and OVCA420 cells with concomitant up-regulation of CDCP1 mRNA and protein. Consistent with a role in cell migration CDCP1 relocates from cell-cell junctions to punctate structures on filopodia after activation of EGFR. Significantly, disruption of CDCP1 either by silencing or the use of a function blocking antibody efficiently reduces EGF/EGFR-induced cell migration of Caov3 and OVCA420 cells. We also show that up-regulation of CDCP1 is inhibited by pharmacological agents blocking ERK but not Src signaling, indicating that the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway is required downstream of EGF/EGFR to induce increased expression of CDCP1. Our immunohistochemical analysis of benign, primary, and metastatic serous epithelial ovarian tumors demonstrates that CDCP1 is expressed during progression of this cancer. These data highlight a novel role for CDCP1 in EGF/EGFR-induced cell migration and indicate that targeting of CDCP1 may be a rational approach to inhibit progression of cancers driven by EGFR signaling including those resistant to anti-EGFR drugs because of activating mutations in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway.

Scaffolds for growth factor delivery as applied to bone tissue engineering

There remains a substantial shortfall in treatment of severe skeletal injuries. The current gold standard of autologous bone grafting from the same patient, has many undesirable side effects associated such as donor site morbidity. Tissue engineering seeks to offer a solution to this problem. The primary requirements for tissue engineered scaffolds have already been well established, and many materials, such as polyesters, present themselves as potential candidates for bone defects; they have comparable structural features, but they often lack the required osteoconductivity to promote adequate bone regeneration. By combining these materials with biological growth factors; which promote the infiltration of cells into the scaffold as well as the differentiation into the specific cell and tissue type, it is possible to increase the formation of new bone. However cost and potential complications associated with growth factors means controlled release is an important consideration in the design of new bone tissue engineering strategies. This review will cover recent research in the area of encapsulation and release of growth factors within a variety of different polymeric scaffolds.

Repeated intrauterine exposures to inflammatory stimuli attenuated transforming growth factor-β signaling in the ovine fetal lung

Background: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is one of the most common complications after preterm birth and is associated with intrauterine exposure to bacteria. Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is implicated in the development of BPD. Objectives: We hypothesized that different and/or multiple bacterial signals could elicit divergent TGFβ signaling responses in the developing lung. Methods: Time-mated pregnant Merino ewes received an intra-amniotic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or Ureaplasma parvum serovar 3 (UP) at 117 days' and/or 121/122 days' gestational age (GA). Controls received an equivalent injection of saline and or media. Lambs were euthanized at 124 days' GA (term = 150 days' GA). TGFβ1, TGFβ2, TGFβ3, TGFβ receptor (R)1 and TGFβR2 protein levels, Smad2 phosphorylation and elastin deposition were evaluated in lung tissue. Results: Total TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 decreased by 24 and 51% after combined UP+LPS exposure, whereas total TGFβ1 increased by 31% after 7 days' LPS exposure but not after double exposures. Alveolar expression of TGFβR2 decreased 75% after UP, but remained unaltered after double exposures. Decreased focal elastin deposition after single LPS exposure was prevented by double exposures. Conclusions: TGFβ signaling components and elastin responded differently to intrauterine LPS and UP exposure. Multiple bacterial exposures attenuated TGFβ signaling and normalized elastin deposition.

MMP-9 and the epidermal growth factor signal pathway in non-small cell lung cancer

Background Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 is an endopeptidase that digests basement membrane type-IV collagen. Enhanced expression has been related to tumour progression in a number of systems. The control of MMP expression is complex, but recently epidermal growth actor receptor (EGFR) activity has been implicated in up-regulation of MMP-9 in tumour cells in vitro. Aims To evaluate interrelations between MMP-9 and EGFR expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to assess the impact of expression on survival. Methods This is a retrospective study of 152 patients who underwent resection for stage I-IIIa NSCLC with a post-operative survival >60 days. Minimum follow-up was 2 years. Standard ABC immunohistochemistry was performed on 4μm paraffin-embedded sections from the tumour periphery using monoclonal antibodies to MMP-9 and EGFR. Results: MMP-9 was expressed in the tumour cells of 79/152 (52%) cases. EGFR expression was found in 86/152 (57%) cases [membranous 51/152 (34%), cytoplasmic 35/152 (23%)]. MMP-9 expression was associated with poor outcome (p=0.04). Membranous, cytoplasmic and overall EGFR expression were not associated with outcome (p=0.29, p=0.85 and p=0.41 respectively). There was a strong correlation between MMP-9 expression and EGFR expression (p=0.001) and EGFR membranous expression (p=0.01) but not with cytoplasmic EGFR expression (p=0.28). Co-expression of MMP-9 and EGFR (36%) conferred a worse prognosis (p=0.003). Subset analysis revealed only MMP-9 and membranous EGFR co-expression (22%) was associated with poor outcome (p=0.008). Conclusions Our results show that MMP-9 and EGFR are co-expressed in NSCLC. This finding suggests the EGFR signalling pathway may play an important role in the invasive behaviour of NSCLC via specific upregulation of MMP-9. The co-expression of these markers also confers a poor prognosis.

Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor expression and angiogenesis in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix

Growth and metastatic spread of invasive carcinoma depends on angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels. Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) is an angiogenic growth factor for a number of solid tumors, including lung, bladder, colorectal, and renal cell cancer. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is the precursor to squamous cell cervical carcinoma (SCC). Mean vessel density (MVD) increases from normal cervical tissue, through low- and high-grade CIN to SCC. We evaluated PD-ECGF immunoreactivity and correlated its expression with MVD in normal, premalignant, and malignant cervical tissue. PD-ECGF expression was assessed visually within the epithelial tissues and scored on the extent and intensity of staining. MVD was calculated by counting the number of vessels positive for von Willebrand factor per unit area subtending normal or CIN epithelium or within tumor hotspots for SCC. Cytoplasmic and/or nuclear PD-ECGF immunoreactivity was seen in normal epithelium. PD-ECGF expression significantly increased with histologic grade from normal, through low- and high-grade CIN, to SCC (P < .02). A progressive significant increase in the microvessel density was also seen, ranging from a mean of 28 vessels for normal tissue to 57 for SCC (P < .0005). No correlation was found between PD-ECGF expression and MVD (P = .45). We conclude that PD-ECGF expression and MVD increase as the cervix transforms from a normal to a malignant phenotype. PD-ECGF is thymidine phosphorylase, a key enzyme in the activation of fluoropyrimidines, including 5-fluorouracil. Evaluation of PD-ECGF thymidine phosphorylase expression may be important in designing future chemotherapeutic trials in cervical cancer. Copyright (C) 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.

Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (thymidine phosphorylase) expression in lung cancer

Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase (PD-ECGF/TP) is an enzyme with angiogenic and cell motility properties. Moreover, it is involved in the transformation of fluoropyrimidines into active cytotoxic metabolites, In the present study, the expression of PD-ECGF in normal lung and lung cancer was immunohistochemically evaluated using the P-GF.44C monoclonal antibody. Alveolar and tumoural macrophages mere invariably stained and mere used as an internal control for assessment of the staining. Alveolar epithelium was always negative, whilst bronchiolar epithelium showed occasional positive reactivity. Normal lung and tumour endothelium was occasionally positive, Positive staining in more than 50 per cent of cells was observed in 23/71 squamous carcinomas (32 per cent), 16/38 (42 per cent) adenocarcinomas, and 2/6 (33 per cent) adenosquamous carcinomas. Differentiated areas and areas of squamous metaplasia mere more strongly positive than other tumour areas. All 22 small cell carcinomas and one carcinoid tumour were negative. The present study provides a baseline for future studies in non-small cell lung cancer to correlate PD-ECGF expression with tumour vascularization, prognosis, and response to chemotherapy.

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging as a biomarker for the pharmacological response of PTK787/ZK 222584, an inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, in patients with advanced colorectal cancer and liver metastases: Results from two phase I studies

Purpose: PTK787/ZK 222584 (PTK/ZK), an orally active inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinases, inhibits VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. The pharmacodynamic effects of PTK/ZK were evaluated by assessing changes in contrast-enhancement parameters of metastatic liver lesions using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) in patients with advanced colorectal cancer treated in two ongoing, dose-escalating phase I studies. Patients and Methods: Twenty-six patients had DCE-MRI performed at baseline, day 2, and at the end of each 28-day cycle. Doses of oral PTK/ZK ranged from 50 to 2000 mg once daily. Tumor permeability and vascularity were assessed by calculating the bidirectional transfer constant (Ki). The percentage of baseline Ki (% of baseline Ki) at each time point was compared with pharmacokinetic and clinical end points. Results: A significant negative correlation exists between the % of baseline Ki and increase in PTK/ZK oral dose and plasma levels (P = .01 for oral dose; P = .0001 for area under the plasma concentration curve at day 2). Patients with a best response of stable disease had a significantly greater reduction in Ki at both day 2 and at the end of cycle 1 compared with progressors (mean difference in % of baseline Ki, 47%, P = .004%; and 51%, P = .006; respectively). The difference in % of baseline Ki remained statistically significant after adjusting for baseline WHO performance status. Conclusion: These findings should help to define a biologically active dose of PTK/ZK. These results suggest that DCE-MRI may be a useful biomarker for defining the pharmacological response and dose of angiogenesis inhibitiors, such as PTK/ZK, for further clinical development. © 2003 by American Society of Clinical Oncology.

Cyclooxygenase-2 protein levels are independent of epidermal growth factor receptor expression or activation in operable non-small cell lung cancer

Both cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are thought to play important roles in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A number of in vitro studies have postulated a link between EGFR activation and subsequent COX-2 upregulation. The relationship between these factors has not been established in patients with NSCLC. COX-2 and EGFR expression were studied in 172 NSCLC specimens using standard immunohistochemical techniques. Western blotting was used to determine COX-2 and EGFR levels in five NSCLC cell lines. The effect of treatment with EGF on COX-2 expression in A549 cells was assessed. Results: Both EGFR and COX-2 are overexpressed in NSCLC. The predominant pattern of COX-2 and EGFR staining was cytoplasmic. Membranous EGFR staining was seen in 23.3% of cases. There was no relationship between COX-2 and EGFR expression and survival or any clinicopathological features. No correlation was seen between EGFR expression and COX-2 expression in the immunohistochemical series or in the cell lines. Treatment with EGF did not upregulate COX-2 levels in A549 cells, either in serum free or serum-supplemented conditions. Conclusions: Although COX-2 and EGFR are over-expressed in NSCLC neither was of prognostic significance in this series of cases. There is no correlation between these two factors in either tumour samples or cell lines. Although these factors show no correlation in NSCLC, they remain potential, though independent targets for treatment. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Epidermal growth factor receptors and cyclooxygenase-2 in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer : potential targets for chemoprevention and systemic therapy

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is part of a family of plasma membrane receptor tyrosine kinases that control many important cellular functions, from growth and proliferation to cell death. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is an enzyme which catalyses the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostagladins and thromboxane. It is induced by various inflammatory stimuli, including the pro-inflammatory cytokines, Interleukin (IL)-1β, Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α and IL-2. Both EGFR and COX-2 are over-expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and have been implicated in the early stages of tumourigenesis. This paper considers their roles in the development and progression of lung cancer, their potential interactions, and reviews the recent progress in cancer therapies that are directed toward these targets. An increasing body of evidence suggests that selective inhibitors of both EGFR and COX-2 are potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of NSCLC, in the adjuvant, metastatic and chemopreventative settings. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Coexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor with related factors is associated with a poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is commonly expressed in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and promotes a host of mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis. However, EGFR expression does not reliably predict prognosis or response to EGFR-targeted therapies. The data from two previous studies of a series of 181 consecutive surgically resected stage I-IIIA NSCLC patients who had survived in excess of 60 days were explored. Of these patients, tissue was available for evaluation of EGFR in 179 patients, carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX in 177 patients and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in 169 patients. We have previously reported an association between EGFR expression and MMP-9 expression. We have also reported that MMP-9 (P=0.001) and perinuclear (p)CA IX (P=0.03) but not EGFR expression were associated with a poor prognosis. Perinuclear CA IX expression was also associated with EGFR expression (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that coexpression of MMP-9 with EGFR conferred a worse prognosis than the expression of MMP-9 alone (P<0.001) and coexpression of EGFR and pCA IX conferred a worse prognosis than pCA IX alone (P=0.05). A model was then developed where the study population was divided into three groups: group 1 had expression of EGFR without coexpression of MMP-9 or pCA IX (number=21); group 2 had no expression of EGFR (number=75); and group 3 had coexpression of EGFR with pCA IX or MMP-9 or both (number=70). Group 3 had a worse prognosis than either groups 1 or 2 (P=0.0003 and 0.027, respectively) and group 1 had a better prognosis than group 2 (P=0.036). These data identify two cohorts of EGFR-positive patients with diametrically opposite prognoses. The group expressing either EGFR and or both MMP-9 and pCA IX may identify a group of patients with activated EGFR, which is of clinical relevance with the advent of EGFR-targeted therapies. © 2004 Cancer Research UK.