Osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow MSCs by β-tricalcium phosphate stimulating macrophages via BMP2 signalling pathway

Immune reactions play important roles in determining the in vivo fate of bone substitute materials, either in new bone formation or inflammatory fibrous tissue encapsulation. The paradigm for the development of bone substitute materials has been shifted from inert to immunomodulatory materials, emphasizing the importance of immune cells in the material evaluation. Macrophages, the major effector cells in the immune reaction to implants, are indispensable for osteogenesis and their heterogeneity and plasticity render macrophages a primer target for immune system modulation. However, there are very few reports about the effects of macrophages on biomaterial-regulated osteogenesis. In this study, we used b-tricalcium phosphate (b-TCP) as a model biomaterial to investigate the role of macrophages on the material stimulated osteogenesis. The macrophage phenotype switched to M2 extreme in response to b-TCP extracts, which was related to the activation of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) pathway. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) was also significantly upregulated by the b-TCP stimulation, indicating that macrophage may participate in the b-TCP stimulated osteogenesis. Interestingly, when macrophageconditioned b-TCP extracts were applied to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs was significantly enhanced, indicating the important role of macrophages in biomaterial-induced osteogenesis. These findings provided valuable insights into the mechanism of material-stimulated osteogenesis, and a strategy to optimize the evaluation system for the in vitro osteogenesis capacity of bone substitute materials.

Mussel-inspired bioceramics with self-assembled Ca-P/polydopamine composite nanolayer : preparation, formation mechanism, improved cellular bioactivity and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells

The nanostructured surface of biomaterials plays an important role in improving their in vitro cellular bioactivity as well as stimulating in vivo tissue regeneration. Inspired by the mussel’s adhesive versatility, which is thought to be due to the plaque–substrate interface being rich in 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalamine (DOPA) and lysine amino acids, in this study we developed a self-assembly method to prepare a uniform calcium phosphate (Ca-P)/polydopamine composite nanolayer on the surface of b-tricalcium phosphate (b-TCP) bioceramics by soaking b-TCP bioceramics in Tris–dopamine solution. It was found that the addition of dopamine, reaction temperature and reaction time are three key factors inducing the formation of a uniform Ca-P/polydopamine composite nanolayer. The formation mechanism of a Ca-P/polydopamine composite nanolayer involved two important steps: (i) the addition of dopamine to Tris–HCl solution decreases the pH value and accelerates Ca and P ionic dissolution from the crystal boundaries of b-TCP ceramics; (ii) dopamine is polymerized to form self-assembled polydopamine film and, at the same time, nanosized Ca-P particles are mineralized with the assistance of polydopamine, in which the formation of polydopamine occurs simultaneously with Ca-P mineralization (formation of nanosized microparticles composed of calcium phosphate-based materials), and finally a self-assembled Ca-P/polydopamine composite nanolayer forms on the surface of the b-TCP ceramics. Furthermore, the formed self-assembled Ca-P/polydopamine composite nanolayer significantly enhances the surface roughness and hydrophilicity of b-TCP ceramics, and stimulates the attachment, proliferation, alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity and bone-related gene expression (ALP, OCN, COL1 and Runx2) of human bone marrow stromal cells. Our results suggest that the preparation of self-assembled Ca-P/polydopamine composite nanolayers is a viable method to modify the surface of biomaterials by significantly improving their surface physicochemical properties and cellular bioactivity for bone regeneration application.

Differentiation of isomeric N-glycan structures by normal-phase liquid chromatography-MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem mass spectrometry

The detailed characterization of protein N-glycosylation is very demanding given the many different glycoforms and structural isomers that can exist on glycoproteins. Here we report a fast and sensitive method for the extensive structure elucidation of reducing-end labeled N-glycan mixtures using a combination of capillary normal-phase HPLC coupled off-line to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and TOF/TOF-MS/MS. Using this method, isobaric N-glycans released from honey bee phospholipase A2 and Arabidopsis thaliana glycoproteins were separated by normal-phase chromatography and subsequently identified by key fragment ions in the MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem mass spectra. In addition, linkage and branching information were provided by abundant cross-ring and "elimination" fragment ions in the MALDI-CID spectra that gave extensive structural information. Furthermore, the fragmentation characteristics of N-glycans reductively aminated with 2-aminobenzoic acid and 2-aminobenzamide were compared. The identification of N-glycans containing 3-linked core fucose was facilitated by distinctive ions present only in the MALDI-CID spectra of 2-aminobenzoic acid-labeled oligosaccharides. To our knowledge, this is the first MS/MS-based technique that allows confident identification of N-glycans containing 3-linked core fucose, which is a major allergenic determinant on insect and plant glycoproteins.

Pro-osteogenic topographical cues promote early activation of osteoprogenitor differentiation via enhanced TGFβ, Wnt, and Notch signaling

Objectives Titanium implant surfaces with modified topographies have improved osteogenic properties in vivo. However, the molecular mechanisms remain obscure. This study explored the signaling pathways responsible for the pro-osteogenic properties of micro-roughened (SLA) and chemically/nanostructurally (modSLA) modified titanium surfaces on human alveolar bone-derived osteoprogenitor cells (BCs) in vitro. Materials and methods The activation of stem cell signaling pathways (TGFβ/BMP, Wnt, FGF, Hedgehog, Notch) was investigated following early exposure (24 and 72 h) of BCs to SLA and modSLA surfaces in the absence of osteogenic cell culture supplements. Results Key regulatory genes from the TGFβ/BMP (TGFBR2, BMPR2, BMPR1B, ACVR1B, SMAD1, SMAD5), Wnt (Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/Ca2+) (FZD1, FZD3, FZD5, LRP5, NFATC1, NFATC2, NFATC4, PYGO2, LEF1) and Notch (NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH4, PSEN1, PSEN2, PSENEN) pathways were upregulated on the modified surfaces. These findings correlated with a higher expression of osteogenic markers bone sialoprotein (IBSP) and osteocalcin (BGLAP), and bone differentiation factors BMP2, BMP6, and GDF15, as observed on the modified surfaces. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that the activation of the pro-osteogenic cell signaling pathways by modSLA and SLA surfaces leads to enhanced osteogenic differentiation as evidenced after 7 and 14 days culture in osteogenic media and provides a mechanistic insight into the superior osseointegration on the modified surfaces observed in vivo.

A stimulatory effect of Ca3ZrSi2O9 bioceramics on cementogenic/osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament cells

The regeneration of periodontal tissues to cure periodontitis remains a medical challenge. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop a novel biomaterial that could induce cementogenesis and osteogenesis in periodontal tissue engineering. Calcium silicate (Ca–Si) based ceramics have been found to be potential bioactive materials due to their osteostimulatory effect. Recently, it is reported that zirconium modified calcium-silicate-based (Ca3ZrSi2O9) ceramics stimulate cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts. However, it is unknown whether Ca3ZrSi2O9 ceramics possess specific cementogenic stimulation for human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) in periodontal tissue regeneration in vitro. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Ca3ZrSi2O9 ceramic disks and their ionic extracts could stimulate cell growth and cementogenic/osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs; the possible molecular mechanism involved in this process was also explored by investigating the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway of hPDLCs. Our results showed that Ca3ZrSi2O9 ceramic disks supported cell adhesion, proliferation and significantly up-regulated relative alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, cementogenic/osteogenic gene expression (CEMP1, CAP, ALP and OPN) and Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway-related genes (AXIN2 and CTNNB) for hPDLCs, compared to that of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) bioceramic disks and blank controls. The ionic extracts from Ca3ZrSi2O9 powders also significantly enhanced relative ALP activity, cementogenic/osteogenic and Wnt/β-catenin-related gene expression of hPDLCs. The present results demonstrate that Ca3ZrSi2O9 ceramics are capable of stimulating cementogenic/osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs possibly via activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, suggesting that Ca3ZrSi2O9 ceramics have the potential to be used for periodontal tissue regeneration.

The effect of hypoxia on the stemness and differentiation capacity of PDLC and DPC

Introduction. Stem cells are regularly cultured under normoxic conditions. However, the physiological oxygen tension in the stem cell niche is known to be as low as 1-2% oxygen, suggesting that hypoxia has a distinct impact on stem cell maintenance. Periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) and dental pulp cells (DPCs) are attractive candidates in dental tissue regeneration. It is of great interest to know whether hypoxia plays a role in maintaining the stemness and differentiation capacity of PDLCs and DPCs. Methods. PDLCs and DPCs were cultured either in normoxia (20% O2) or hypoxia (2% O2). Cell viability assays were performed and the expressions of pluripotency markers (Oct-4, Sox2, and c-Myc) were detected by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Mineralization, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) deposition, and lipid droplets formation were assessed by Alizarin red S, Safranin O, and Oil red O staining, respectively. Results. Hypoxia did not show negative effects on the proliferation of PDLCs and DPCs. The pluripotency markers and differentiation potentials of PDLCs and DPCs significantly increased in response to hypoxic environment. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that hypoxia plays an important role in maintaining the stemness and differentiation capacity of PDLCs and DPCs.

Rapid differentiation of isomeric lipids by photodissociation mass spectrometry of fatty acid derivatives

RATIONALE Both traditional electron ionization and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry have demonstrated limitations in the unambiguous identification of fatty acids. In the former case, high electron energies lead to extensive dissociation of the radical cations from which little specific structural information can be obtained. In the latter, conventional collision-induced dissociation (CID) of even-electron ions provides little intra-chain fragmentation and thus few structural diagnostics. New approaches that harness the desirable features of both methods, namely radical-driven dissociation with discrete energy deposition, are thus required. METHODS Herein we describe the derivatization of a structurally diverse suite of fatty acids as 4-iodobenzyl esters (FAIBE). Electrospray ionization of these derivatives in the presence of sodium acetate yields abundant [M+Na]+ ions that can be mass-selected and subjected to laser irradiation (=266nm) on a modified linear ion-trap mass spectrometer. RESULTS Photodissociation (PD) of the FAIBE derivatives yields abundant radical cations by loss of atomic iodine and in several cases selective dissociation of activated carboncarbon bonds (e.g., at allylic positions) are also observed. Subsequent CID of the [M+NaI]center dot+ radical cations yields radical-directed dissociation (RDD) mass spectra that reveal extensive carboncarbon bond dissociation without scrambling of molecular information. CONCLUSIONS Both PD and RDD spectra obtained from derivatized fatty acids provide a wealth of structural information including the position(s) of unsaturation, chain-branching and hydroxylation. The structural information obtained by this approach, in particular the ability to rapidly differentiate isomeric lipids, represents a useful addition to the lipidomics tool box. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Osteogenic differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells is mediated by fibroblast growth factor receptors

The mechanisms involved in the control of embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation are yet to be fully elucidated. However, it has become clear that the family of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are centrally involved. In this study we examined the role of the FGF receptors (FGFRs 1-4) during osteogenesis in murine ES cells. Single cells were obtained after the formation of embryoid bodies, cultured on gelatin-coated plates, and coaxed to differentiate along the osteogenic lineage. Upregulation of genes was analyzed at both the transcript and protein levels using gene array, relative-quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR), and Western blotting. Deposition of a mineralized matrix was evaluated with Alizarin Red staining. An FGFR1-specific antibody was generated and used to block FGFR1 activity in mES cells during osteogenic differentiation. Upon induction of osteogenic differentiation in mES cells, all four FGFRs were clearly upregulated at both the transcript and protein levels with a number of genes known to be involved in osteogenic differentiation including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), collagen I, and Runx2. Cells were also capable of depositing a mineralized matrix, confirming the commitment of these cells to the osteogenic lineage. When FGFR1 activity was blocked, a reduction in cell proliferation and a coincident upregulation of Runx2 with enhanced mineralization of cultures was observed. These results indicate that FGFRs play critical roles in cell recruitment and differentiation during the process of osteogenesis in mES cells. In particular, the data indicate that FGFR1 plays a pivotal role in osteoblast lineage determination.

Differentiation of complex lipid isomers by radical-directed dissociation mass spectrometry

Contemporary lipidomics protocols are dependent on conventional tandem mass spectrometry for lipid identification. This approach is extremely powerful for determining lipid class and identifying the number of carbons and the degree of unsaturation of any acyl-chain substituents. Such analyses are however, blind to isomeric variants arising from different carbon carbon bonding motifs within these chains including double bond position, chain branching, and cyclic structures. This limitation arises from the fact that conventional, low energy collision-induced dissociation of even-electron lipid ions does not give rise to product ions from intrachain fragmentation of the fatty acyl moieties. To overcome this limitation, we have applied radical-directed dissociation (RDD) to the study of lipids for the first time. In this approach, bifunctional molecules that contain a photocaged radical initiator and a lipid-adducting group, such as 4-iodoaniline and 4-iodobenzoic acid, are used to form noncovalent complexes (i.e., adduct ions) with a lipid during electrospray ionization. Laser irradiation of these complexes at UV wavelengths (266 nm) cleaves the carbon iodine bond to liberate a highly reactive phenyl radical. Subsequent activation of the nascent radical ions results in RDD with significant intrachain fragmentation of acyl moieties. This approach provides diagnostic fragments that are associated with the double bond position and the positions of chain branching in glycerophospholipids, sphingomyelins and triacylglycerols and thus can be used to differentiate isomeric lipids differing only in such motifs. RDD is demonstrated for well-defined lipid standards and also reveals lipid structural diversity in olive oil and human very-low density lipoprotein.

Correlates of female sexual functioning : adult attachment and differentiation of self

Introduction Female sexual functioning is affected by a range of factors including motivation, psychological well-being, and relationship issues. In understanding female sexual dysfunction (FSD), there has been a tendency to privilege diagnostic and medical over relationship issues. Aim To investigate the association between women’s experience of intimacy in close relationships - operationalized in terms of attachment and degree of differentiation of self - and FSD. Methods Two hundred and thirty sexually active Australian women responded to an invitation to complete a set of validated scales to assess potential correlates of sexual functioning. Main Outcome Measures The Female Sexuality Function Index, the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale, the Differentiation of Self Inventory, as well as a set of study-specific questions were subject to hierarchical multiple regression analyses Results Relational variables of attachment avoidance and to a lesser degree, attachment anxiety were associated with FSD. Participants with lower levels of differentiation of self were more likely to report sexual difficulties. The inability to maintain a sense of self in the presence of intimate others was the strongest predictors of sexual problems. A history of sexual abuse in adulthood and higher levels of psychological distress were also associated with sexual difficulties. Conclusions The findings provide support for a relational understanding of female sexual functioning. Attachment avoidance, attachment anxiety, and degree of differentiation of self are shown to be associated with sexual difficulties. The findings support the need to focus on relational and psychological factors in women’s experience of sex.

Differentiation state and invasiveness of human breast cancer cell lines

Eighteen breast cancer cell lines were examined for expression of markers of epithelial and fibroblastic differentiation: E-cadherin, desmoplakins, ZO- 1, vimentin, keratin and β1 and β4 integrins. The cell lines were distributed along a spectrum of differentiation from epithelial to fibroblastic phenotypes. The most well-differentiated, epithelioid cell lines contained proteins characteristic of desmosomal, adherens and tight junctions, were adherent to one another on plastic and in the basement membrane matrix Matrigel and were keratin-positive and vimentin-negative. These cell lines were all weakly invasive in an in vitro chemoinvasion assay. The most poorly-differentiated, fibroblastic cell lines were E-cadherin-, desmoplakin- and ZO-1-negative and formed branching structures in Matrigel. They were vimentin-positive, contained only low levels of keratins and were highly invasive in the in vitro chemoinvasion assay. Of all of the markers analyzed, vimentin expression correlated best with in vitro invasive ability and fibroblastic differentiation. In a cell line with unstable expression of vimentin, T47D(CO), the cells that were invasive were of the fibroblastic type. The differentiation markers described here may be useful for analysis of clinical specimens and could potentially provide a more precise measure of differentiation grade yielding more power for predicting prognosis.

Modulation of breast cancer progression and differentiation by the gp30/neregulin

In the last decade we have come to understand that the growth of cancer cells in general and of breast cancer in particular depends, in many cases, upon growth factors that will bind to and activate their receptors. One of these growth factor receptors is the erbB-2 protein which plays an important role in the prognosis of breast cancer and is overexpressed in nearly 30% of human breast cancer patients. While evidence accumulates to support the relationship between erbB-2 overexpression and poor overall survival in breast cancer, understanding of the biological consequence(s) of erbB-2 overexpression remains elusive. Our recent discovery of the gp30 has allowed us to identify a number of related but distinct biological endpoints which appear responsive to signal transduction through the erbB-2 receptor. These endpoints of growth, invasiveness, and differentiation have clear implications for the emergence, maintenance and/or control of malignancy, and represent established endpoints in the assessment of malignant progression in breast cancer. We have shown that gp30 induces a biphasic growth effect on cells with erbB-2 over-expression. We have recently determined the protein sequence of gp30 and cloned its full length cDNA sequence. We have also cloned two additional forms to the ligand, that are believed to be different isoforms. We are currently expressing the different forms in order to determine their biological effects. To elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying cell growth inhibition by gp30, we tested the effect of this ligand on cell growth and differentiation of the human breast cancer cells which overexpress erbB-2 and cells which express low levels of this protooncogene. High concentrations of ligand induced differentiation of cells overexpressing erbB-2, as measured by inhibition of cell growth, and increased synthesis of milk components, and modulation of E-cadherin and up- regulation of c-jun and c-fos. These findings indicate that ligand-induced growth inhibition in cells overexpressing erbB-2 is associated with an apparent induction of differentiation. The availability of gp30 derived synthetic peptides and its full cDNAs provides tools necessary to acquire a better understanding of the mechanism of action of the this ligands and the erbB-2 receptor in breast cancer.

Adipose differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells using Pluronic F-127 hydrogel in vitro

Due to increasing clinical demand for adipose tissue, a suitable scaffold for engineering adipose tissue constructs is needed. In this study, we have developed a three-dimensional (3-D) culture system using bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) and a Pluronic F-127 hydrogel scaffold as a step towards the in vitro tissue engineering of fat. BM-MSC were dispersed into a Pluronic F-127 hydrogel with or without type I collagen added. The adipogenic differentiation of the BM-MSC was assessed by cellular morphology and further confirmed by Oil Red O staining. The BM-MSC differentiated into adipocytes in Pluronic F-127 in the presence of adipogenic stimuli over a period of 2 weeks, with some differentiation present even in absence of such stimuli. The addition of type I collagen to the Pluronic F-127 caused the BM-MSC to aggregate into clumps, thereby generating an uneven adipogenic response, which was not desirable.

Lithium release from ß-tricalcium phosphate inducing cementogenic and osteogenic differentiation for both hPDLCs and hBMSCs

It is accepted that the accelerated differentiation of tissue cells on bioactive materials is of great importance to regenerate the lost tissues. It was previously reported that lithium (Li) ions could enhance the in vitro proliferation and differentiation of retinoblastoma cells and endometrium epithelia by activating the Wnt canonical signalling pathway. It is interesting to incorporate Li ions into bioactive ceramics, such as β-tricalcium phosphate (Li-β-TCP), in order to stimulate both osteogenic and cementogenic differentiation of different stem cells for the regeneration of bone/periodontal tissues. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the interactions of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) and human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) with Li-β-TCP bioceramic bulks and their ionic extracts, and further explore the osteogenic and cementogenic stimulation of Li-β-TCP bioceramics and the possible molecular mechanisms. The results showed that Li-β-TCP bioceramic disks supported the cell attachment and proliferation, and significantly enhanced bone/cementum-related gene expression, Wnt canonical signalling pathway activation for both hPDLCs and hBMSCs, compared to conventional β-TCP bioceramic disks without Li. The release of Li from Li-β-TCP powders could significantly promote the bone/cementum-related gene expression for both hPDLCs and hBMSCs compared to pure β-TCP extracts without Li release. Our results suggest that the combination of Li with β-TCP bioceramics may be a promising method to enhance bone/cementum regeneration as Li-β-TCP possesses excellent in vitro osteogenic and cementogenic stimulation properties by inducing bone/cementum-related gene expression in both hPDLCs and hBMSCs.

Selective neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells induced by nanosecond microplasma agitation

An essential step for therapeutic and research applications of stem cells is their ability to differentiate into specific cell types. Neuronal cells are of great interest for medical treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic injuries of central nervous system (CNS), but efforts to produce these cells have been met with only modest success. In an attempt of finding new approaches, atmospheric-pressure room-temperature microplasma jets (MPJs) are shown to effectively direct in vitro differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) predominantly into neuronal lineage. Murine neural stem cells (C17.2-NSCs) treated with MPJs exhibit rapid proliferation and differentiation with longer neurites and cell bodies eventually forming neuronal networks. MPJs regulate ~. 75% of NSCs to differentiate into neurons, which is a higher efficiency compared to common protein- and growth factors-based differentiation. NSCs exposure to quantized and transient (~. 150. ns) micro-plasma bullets up-regulates expression of different cell lineage markers as β-Tubulin III (for neurons) and O4 (for oligodendrocytes), while the expression of GFAP (for astrocytes) remains unchanged, as evidenced by quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence microscopy and Western Blot assay. It is shown that the plasma-increased nitric oxide (NO) production is a factor in the fate choice and differentiation of NSCs followed by axonal growth. The differentiated NSC cells matured and produced mostly cholinergic and motor neuronal progeny. It is also demonstrated that exposure of primary rat NSCs to the microplasma leads to quite similar differentiation effects. This suggests that the observed effect may potentially be generic and applicable to other types of neural progenitor cells. The application of this new in vitro strategy to selectively differentiate NSCs into neurons represents a step towards reproducible and efficient production of the desired NSC derivatives. © 2013.