Passive control of a biventricular assist device with compliant inflow cannulae

Rotary ventricular assist device (VAD) support of the cardiovascular system is susceptible to suction events due to the limited preload sensitivity of these devices. This may be of particular concern with rotary biventricular support (BiVAD) where the native, flow-balancing Starling response is diminished in both ventricles. The reliability of sensor and sensor-less based control systems which aim to control VAD flow based on preload have limitations and thus an alternative solution is desired. This study introduces a compliant inflow cannula (CIC) which could improve the preload sensitivity of a rotary VAD by passively altering VAD flow depending on preload. To evaluate the design, both the CIC and a standard rigid inflow cannula were inserted into a mock circulation loop to enable biventricular heart failure support using configurations of atrial and ventricular inflow, and arterial outflow cannulation. A range of left (LVAD) and right VAD (RVAD) rotational speeds were tested as well as step changes in systemic/pulmonary vascular resistance to alter relative preloads, with resulting flow rates recorded. Simulated suction events were observed, particularly at higher VAD speeds, during support with the rigid inflow cannula, while the CIC prevented suction events under all circumstances. The compliant section passively restricted its internal diameter as preload was reduced, which increased the VAD circuit resistance and thus reduced VAD flow. Therefore, a compliant inflow cannula could potentially be used as a passive control system to prevent suction events in rotary left, right and biventricular support.

Synthesis and evaluation of resveratrol-based nitroxides as potential treatments for hypertension

The synthesis and evaluation of novel resveratrol-based nitroxides have been explored for the potential treatment of hypertension. New methodology for the direct aryl iodination of isoindoline and isoindoline nitroxide using periodic acid and potassium iodide in concentrated sulphuric acid was developed. Diiodinated tetramethyl and tetraethyl isoindolines and a tetramethyl isoindoline nitroxide were prepared in excellent yields (70 – 82%). A diiodinated tetraethyl isoindoline nitroxide was generated from the corresponding nitroxide in modest yield (37%) alongside iodinated nitrones. The mono-iodinated species were also generated in modest yields (34 – 48%). Incorporation of the nitroxide unit into the structure of resveratrol was achieved using palladium-catalysed Heck coupling. Use of the previously prepared iodo products 5-iodo-1,1,3,3-tetramethylisoindolin-2-yloyl 18 and 5,6-diiodo-1,1,3,3-tetramethylisoindolin-2-yloyl 22 gave resveratrol nitroxides 12 and 13 in yields of 50% (optimized) and 1.6% respectively. Preliminary evaluation of the resveratrol analogue 12 as a treatment for hypertension was undertaken in the DOCA-salt rat model. A reduction in systolic blood pressure as well as alleviation of ventricular hypertrophy was observed. A larger study involving the DOCA salt rats is currently in progress.

How Can Models of Motor Control Be Useful for Understanding Low Back Pain?

Introduction. The purpose of this chapter is to address the question raised in the chapter title. Specifically, how can models of motor control help us understand low back pain (LBP)? There are several classes of models that have been used in the past for studying spinal loading, stability, and risk of injury (see Reeves and Cholewicki (2003) for a review of past modeling approaches), but for the purpose of this chapter we will focus primarily on models used to assess motor control and its effect on spine behavior. This chapter consists of 4 sections. The first section discusses why a shift in modeling approaches is needed to study motor control issues. We will argue that the current approach for studying the spine system is limited and not well-suited for assessing motor control issues related to spine function and dysfunction. The second section will explore how models can be used to gain insight into how the central nervous system (CNS) controls the spine. This segues segue nicely into the next section that will address how models of motor control can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of LBP. Finally, the last section will deal with the issue of model verification and validity. This issue is important since modelling accuracy is critical for obtaining useful insight into the behavior of the system being studied. This chapter is not intended to be a critical review of the literature, but instead intended to capture some of the discussion raised during the 2009 Spinal Control Symposium, with some elaboration on certain issues. Readers interested in more details are referred to the cited publications.

Improved catalyst, particularly for emission control

A catalyst comprising a catalytic material supported on a support, characterized in that the support comprises particles predominantly having a max. particle size of less than 1000 nm and an aspect ratio of greater than, and the. catalytic material is mainly present in the form of discrete islands of catalytic material supported on the support, with a substantial proportion of the islands of catalytic material being sep. and isolated from other islands of catalytic material. The islands of catalytic material are sep. and isolated from other islands of catalytic material such that diffusion and growth of the islands of catalytic material at elevated temp. is minimized or avoided. The disclosure and examples pertain to emission control catalysts. [on SciFinder(R)]

Robust control algorithm for grid-interfaced three-phase inverters with high-bandwidth LCL filter

The paper introduces the design of robust current and voltage control algorithms for a grid-connected three-phase inverter which is interfaced to the grid through a high-bandwidth three-phase LCL filter. The algorithms are based on the state feedback control which have been designed in a systematic approach and improved by using oversampling to deal with the issues arising due to the high-bandwidth filter. An adaptive loop delay compensation method has also been adopted to minimize the adverse effects of loop delay in digital controller and to increase the robustness of the control algorithm in the presence of parameter variations. Simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Power system stability enhancement using flux control for excitation system

This paper proposes a new controller for the excitation system to improve rotor angle stability. The proposed controller uses energy function to predict desired flux for the generator to achieve improved first swing stability and enhanced system damping. The controller is designed through predicting the desired value of flux for the future step of the system and then obtaining appropriate supplementary control input for the excitation system. The simulations are performed on Single-Machine-Infinite-Bus system and the results verify the efficiency of the controller. The proposed method facilitates the excitation system with a feasible and reliable controller for severe disturbances.

Method for making a material, particularly for emission control catalyst

A method for forming a material comprising a metal oxide supported on a support particle comprising the steps of: (a) providing a precursor mixt. comprising a soln. contg. one or more metal cations and (i) a surfactant; or (ii) a hydrophilic polymer; said precursor mixt. further including support particles; and (b) treating the precursor mixt. from (a) above by heating to remove the surfactant or hydrophilic polymer and form metal oxide having nanosized grains, wherein at least some of the metal oxide formed in step (b) is deposited on or supported by the support particles and the metal oxide has an oxide matrix that includes metal atoms derived solely from sources other than the support particles. The disclosure and examples pertain to emission control catalysts. [on SciFinder(R)]

Cryotherapy for docetaxel-induced hand and nail toxicity: Randomised control trial

Purpose This study investigated the efficacy and safety of cryotherapy, in the form of frozen gel gloves, in relation to docetaxel-induced hand and fingernail toxicities. Patients and methods After piloting with 21 patients, a consecutive series sample of patients (n=53) prescribed docetaxel every three weeks, for a minimum of three cycles, was enrolled in this randomised control trial. Participants acted as their own control, with the frozen gel glove worn on one randomised hand for 15 minutes prior to infusion, for the duration of the infusion, and for 15 minutes of after completion of treatment. Hand and nail toxicities were evaluated by two blinded assessors according to CTCAE.v4 criteria. To assess the potential for cross-infection of multi-use gloves, microbial culture and sensitivity swabs were taken of each glove at every tenth use. Results Of the 53 participants enrolled in the main study, 21 provided evaluable data. There was a 60% withdrawal rate due to patient discomfort with the intervention. The mean incidence and severity of toxicities in all evaluable cycles in control and intervention hands respectively were erythroderma Grade 1 (5%/5%); nail discolouration Grade 1 (81%/67%); nail loss Grade 1 (19%/19%) and nail ridging Grade 1 (57%/57%). No significant differences were determined between hand conditions in terms of time to event, nor in terms of toxicity in gloved and non-gloved hands. Conclusion While cryotherapy in the form of frozen gloves for the cutaneous toxicities associated with docetaxel is safe, its limited efficacy, patient discomfort and some logistical issues preclude its use in our clinical setting.

Tangled Webs : Using Bayesian Networks in the Fight Against Infection

Bayesian networks (BNs) provide a statistical modelling framework which is ideally suited for modelling the many factors and components of complex problems such as healthcare-acquired infections. The methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) organism is particularly troublesome since it is resistant to standard treatments for Staph infections. Overcrowding and understa�ng are believed to increase infection transmission rates and also to inhibit the effectiveness of disease control measures. Clearly the mechanisms behind MRSA transmission and containment are very complicated and control strategies may only be e�ective when used in combination. BNs are growing in popularity in general and in medical sciences in particular. A recent Current Content search of the number of published BN journal articles showed a fi�ve fold increase in general and a six fold increase in medical and veterinary science from 2000 to 2009. This chapter introduces the reader to Bayesian network (BN) modelling and an iterative modelling approach to build and test the BN created to investigate the possible role of high bed occupancy on transmission of MRSA while simultaneously taking into account other risk factors.

What roles do team climate, roster control, and work life conflict play in shiftworkers’ fatigue longitudinally?

The study aimed to examine shiftworkers fatigue and the longitudinal relationships that impact on fatigue such as team climate, work life conflict, control of shifts and shift type in shift working nurses. We used a quantitative survey methodology and analysed data with a moderated hierarchical multiple regression. After matching across two time periods 18 months apart, the sample consisted of 166 nurses from one Australian hospital. Of these nurses, 61 worked two rotating day shifts (morning & afternoon/evening) and 105 were rotating shiftworkers who worked three shifts (morning afternoon/evening and nights). The findings suggest that control over shift scheduling can have significant effects on fatigue for both two-shift and three-shift workers. A significant negative relationship between positive team climate and fatigue was moderated by shift type. At both Time 1 and Time 2, work life conflict was the strongest predictor of concurrent fatigue, but over time it was not.

Case-control study on risk factors of esophageal cancer

Objective: To explore the influencing factors of esophageal cancer in the trunk basin of Dawen river , Shandong province. Methods: A case- control study was carried out: 195 living cases of diagnosed esophageal cancer and 195 controls were matched by age and sex and surveyed by a unified inventory. Results: T he following items could rises the risk of esophageal cancer : hard dry diet, smoke homemade cigarettes, alcohol consumption> 500 ml/ day, relatives with tumor in history ( OR = 51850, OR = 161 158, OR = 111 513, OR = 11 827, respectively ) . While drinking tea may have protective effect against esophageal cancer ( OR = 01 311). Conclusion: The high incidence of esophageal cancer in the area is relative not only to the environment and dietary factors, but also to the family history of esophageal cancer.

Quality demand in vaccination and how to improve service quality under Total Quality Control [论全面质量管理模式下预防接种工作的质量要求与改进对策]

Under the concept of Total Quality Control, based on their experience, the authors discussed potential demand for quality of immunization services and possible solutions to these demands. Abstract in Chinese 全面质量管理(total quality control,TQC)是在20世纪60年代由美国人V,Feigonbaum和J.unan先后提出的新的质量管理观念,众所周知的ISO9000族标准即建立在TQC理念下的质量管理标准,该标准已成为当今世界全球一致、最具权威的质量管理和质量保证的国际规则[1-2].21世纪是质量世纪,推行TQC,不断改进产品和服务质量,目前已成为我国各行各业在不断激烈的市场竞争下完善自我、保证生存和发展的重要手段.实施预防接种是预防和控制传染病,保护人群健康的重要措施,预防接种工作中,产品即预防接种服务,需方(顾客)为接受预防接种服务的广大人群,是产品的消费者.随社会的迅速发展,人们对健康需求的不断提高,对预防接种工作也提出了更高的质量要求.本文对TQC模式下顾客对预防接种服务的质量要求进行了综合分析,并对如何改进服务质量进行了初步探讨.

Discounts and consumer search behavior : the role of framing

This paper studies the pure framing effect of price discounts, focusing on its impact on consumer search behavior. In a simple two-shop search experiment, we compare search behavior in base treatments (where both shops post net prices without discounts) to discount treatments (where either the first shop or the second shop posts gross prices with separate discount offers, keeping the net prices constant). Although the objective search problems are identical across treatments, subjects search less in discount frames, irrespective where the discount is offered. There is evidence showing that subjects only base their decisions on salient characteristics of the situation rather than on the objective price information.

Modelling of ellipsoidal nanowires : control and application

The properties of ellipsoidal nanowires are yet to be examined. They have likely applications in sensing, solar cells, microelectronics and cloaking devices. Little is known of the qualities that ellipse nanowires exhibit as we vary the aspect ratio with different dielectric materials and how varying these attributes affects plasmon coupling and propagation. It is known that the distance a plasmon can travel is further if it is supported by a thicker circular nanowire, while thinner nanowires are expected to be able to increase QD coupling. Ellipsoidal nanowires may be a good compromise due to their ability to have both thin and thick dimensions. Furthermore it has been shown that the plasmon resonances along the main axis of an ellipsoidal particle is governed by the relative aspect ratio of the ellipsoid, which may lead to further control of the plasmon. Research was done by the use of COMSOL Multiphysics by looking at the fundamental plasmon mode supported by an ellipsoidal nanowire and then studying this mode for various geometrical parameters, materials and illumination wavelength. Accordingly it was found that ellipsoidal nanowires exhibit a minimum for the wavenumber and a maximum for the propagation distance at roughly the same dimensions - Highlighting that there is an aspect ratio for which there is poor coupling but low loss. Here we investigate these and related attributes.