Raman spectroscopy of stercorite H(NH4)Na(PO4)���4H2O ��� a cave mineral from Petrogale Cave, Madura, Eucla, Western Australia

Raman spectroscopy complimented with infrared spectroscopy has been used to characterise the mineral stercorite H(NH4)Na(PO4)��4H2O. The mineral stercorite originated from the Petrogale Cave, Madura, Eucla, Western Australia. This cave is one of many caves in the Nullarbor Plain in the South of Western Australia. These caves have been in existence for eons of time and have been dated at more than 550 million years old. The mineral is formed by the reaction of bat guano chemicals on calcite substrates. A single Raman band at 920 cm���1 defines the presence of phosphate in the mineral. Antisymmetric stretching bands are observed in the infrared spectrum at 1052, 1097, 1135 and 1173 cm���1. Raman spectroscopy shows the mineral is based upon the phosphate anion and not the hydrogen phosphate anion. Raman and infrared bands are found and assigned to PO43���, H2O, OH and NH stretching vibrations. The detection of stercorite by Raman spectroscopy shows that the mineral can be readily determined; as such the application of a portable Raman spectrometer in a ���cave��� situation enables the detection of minerals, some of which may remain to be identified.

Gender, sexuality and the challenge of seeing in Orlando

Orlando (Sally Potter, 1992) is a significant filmic achievement: in only ninety minutes it offers a rich, layered, and challenging account of a life lived across four hundred years, across two sexes and genders, and across multiple countries and cultures. Already established as a feminist artist, Potter aligns herself with a genealogy of feminist art by adapting Virginia Woolf���s Orlando: A Biography (1928) to tell the story of Orlando: a British subject who must negotiate their ���identity��� while living a strangely long time and, also somewhat strangely, changing biological sex from male to female. Both novel and film interrogate norms of gender and culture. They each take up issues of sex, gender, and sexuality as socially-constructed phenomena rather than as ���essential truths���, and Orlando���s attempts to tell his/her story and make sense of his/her life mirror readers��� attempts to understand and interpret Orlando���s journey within inherited artistic traditions.

A Cochrane review on the effects of end-of-life care pathways : do they improve patient outcomes?

Clinical pathways for end-of-life care management are used widely around the world and have been regarded as the gold standard. The aim of this review was to assess the effects of end-of-life care pathways (EOLCP), compared with usual care (no pathway) or with care guided by a different end-of-life care pathway, across all healthcare settings (e.g. hospitals, residential aged care facilities, community). We searched the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Review group specialised register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, review articles and reference lists of relevant articles. The search was carried out in September 2009. All randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-randomised trials or high quality controlled before and after studies comparing use versus non-use of an EOLCP in caring for the dying were considered for inclusion. The search identified 920 potentially relevant titles, but no studies met criteria for inclusion in the review. Without further available evidence, recommendations for the use of end-of-life pathways in caring for the dying cannot be made. There are now recent concerns regarding the big scale roll-out of EOLCP despite the lack of evidence, nurses should report any safety concerns or adverse effects associated with such pathways.

Towards testing the eclectic paradigm on multinational contracting: an approach to reviewing and analysing secondary data

In response to the need to leverage private finance and the lack of competition in some parts of the Australian public sector major infrastructure market, especially in very large economic infrastructure procured using Pubic Private Partnerships, the Australian Federal government has demonstrated its desire to attract new sources of in-bound foreign direct investment (FDI) into the Australian construction market. This paper aims to report on progress towards an investigation into the determinants of multinational contractors��� willingness to bid for Australian public sector major infrastructure projects and which is designed to give an improved understanding of matters surrounding FDI into the Australian construction sector. This research deploys Dunning���s eclectic theory for the first time in terms of in-bound FDI by multinational contractors and as head contractors bidding for Australian major infrastructure public sector projects. Elsewhere, the authors have developed Dunning���s principal hypothesis associated with his eclectic framework in order to suit the context of this research and to address a weakness arising in Dunning���s principal hypothesis that is based on a nominal approach to the factors in the eclectic framework and which fail to speak to the relative explanatory power of these factors. In this paper, an approach to reviewing and analysing secondary data, as part of the first stage investigation in this research, is developed and some illustrations given, vis-��-vis the selected sector (roads, bridges and tunnels) in Australia (as the host location) and using one of the selected home countries (Spain). In conclusion, some tentative thoughts are offered in anticipation of the completion of the first stage investigation - in terms of the extent to which this first stage based on secondary data only might suggest the relative importance of the factors in the eclectic framework. It is noted that more robust conclusions are expected following the future planned stages of the research and these stages including primary data are briefly outlined. Finally, and beyond theoretical contributions expected from the overall approach taken to developing and testing Dunning���s framework, other expected contributions concerning research method and practical implications are mentioned.

Vibrational spectroscopy of synthetic stercorite H(NH4)Na(PO4)���4H2O ��� a comparison with the natural cave mineral

In order to mimic the chemical reactions in cave systems, the analogue of the mineral stercorite H(NH4)Na(PO4)���4H2O has been synthesised. X-ray diffraction of the stercorite analogue matches the stercorite reference pattern. A comparison is made with the vibrational spectra of synthetic stercorite analogue and the natural Cave mineral. The mineral in nature is formed by the reaction of bat guano chemicals on calcite substrates. A single Raman band at 920 cm-1 (Cave) and 922 cm-1 (synthesised) defines the presence of hydrogen phosphate in the mineral. In the synthetic stercorite analogue, additional bands are observed and are attributed to the dihydrogen and phosphate anions. The vibrational spectra of synthetic stercorite only partly match that of the natural stercorite. It is suggested that natural stercorite is more pure than that of synthesised stercorite. Antisymmetric stretching bands are observed in the infrared spectrum at 1052, 1097, 1135 and 1173 cm-1. Raman spectroscopy shows the stercorite mineral is based upon the hydrogen phosphate anion and not the phosphate anion. Raman and infrared bands are found and assigned to PO43-, H2O, OH and NH stretching vibrations. Raman spectroscopy shows the synthetic analogue is similar to the natural mineral. A mechanism for the formation of stercorite is provided.

Dancelines series

Dancelines was a body of work commissioned by Bangarra Dance Company and The Arts Centre, Melbourne. The artist was invited to produce a body of work that responded to the dance company's production of 'Boomerang'. The result was a body of photographs that applied the artist's interest in layering as a photographic technique and her interest in indigenous subjectivity and sprituality. The works drew correspondences between Rheannan Port, the subject's, own biography and character and the artist's voluminous archive of iamges of the natural world. The result complemented and formalised the collaborative processes that the artist had previously only explored in the video medium. The work was shown at the George Adams Gallery of the Arts Centre as part of Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games Arts Festival. 'Rheannan Port, #1' was selected for the 2006 Archibald Photographic Portrait Prize, at the Art Gallery of New South Wales. The work was reviewed in The Age newspaper.

Foundations for giving : why and how Australians structure their philanthropy

Philanthropic foundations in Australia have traditionally been labelled ���icebergs���. Much of what they do and who they are is not apparent on the surface. Many are unknown and apart from an occasional biography, almost all are sparsely documented in terms of the very personal decisions behind establishing them. Practically and academically, scant data exist on the decision journeys people make into formalised philanthropy. This study seeks to fill that gap. It is believed to be the largest such study of foundation decision-making ever undertaken in this country. It is the latest in a series of ACPNS research into types of considered (versus spontaneous) giving in Australia. This research has been supported by the Perpetual Foundation, the EF and SL Gluyas Trust and the Edward Corbould Charitable Trust under the management of Perpetual Trustee Company Ltd.

Editor's introduction

It is a very rare event when a book by a senior Chinese policy adviser gets published in English. More often the accepted format is biography or auto-biography, generally published once the person has retired. This book was first published by Xinhua Press in Chinese in a longer version in 2009. Initially it was directed at the Chinese reader, more specifically the Chinese cultural academic, and for this reason some of the material is not repeated in this abridged version. Nevertheless, it is important to point out that the author represents four speaking positions, and the messages that emerge from this work need to be contextualized accordingly.

Effects of oxygen on zonal marker expression in human articular chondrocytes

Articular cartilage is organized in depth zones with phenotypically distinct subpopulations of chondrocytes that are exposed to different oxygen tensions. Despite growing evidence of the critical role for oxygen in chondrogenesis, little is known about its effect on chondrocytes from different zones. This study evaluates zonal marker expression of human articular chondrocytes from different zones under various oxygen tensions. Chondrocytes isolated from full-thickness, superficial, and middle/deep cartilage from knee replacement surgeries were expanded and redifferentiated under hypoxic (5% O 2) or normoxic (20% O 2) conditions. Differentiation under hypoxia increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factors 1alpha and 2alpha and accumulation of extracellular matrix, particularly in middle/deep chondrocytes, and favored re-expression of proteoglycan 4 by superficial chondrocytes compared with middle/deep cells. Zone-dependent expression of clusterin varied with culture duration. These results demonstrate that zonal chondrocytes retain important phenotypic differences during in vitro cultivation, and that these characteristics can be improved by altering the oxygen environment. However, transcript levels for pleiotrophin, cartilage intermediate layer protein, and collagen type X were similar between zones, challenging their reliability as zonal markers for tissue-engineered cartilage from osteoarthritis patients. Key factors including oxygen tension and cell source should be considered to prescribe zone-specific properties to tissue-engineered cartilage. �� 2012, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

Campbell, Alan Johnston (1895���1982)

Born in 1895, Alan Johnston Campbell was a grazier and political party organiser. In December 1914 he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force and saw action with the 2nd Light Horse Regiment at Gallipoli and, as a lance corporal, in the Sinai and Palestine. After the war Campbell became active in the Roma branch of the Maranoa Graziers��� Association. In 1935, at Roma, he formed one of the first branches of the Queensland Country Party. In 1943, Campbell was elected president of the QCP. Impressed by the Australian Labor Party���s organisation, Campbell centralised power and rebuked parliamentarians whom he believed were neglecting their constituents. By 1951 the highly disciplined structure had attracted 35,000 members. Campbell died in 1982.

Impact of a government triple zero awareness campaign on emergency department patient characteristics

Objective: To evaluate the impact of a government triple zero community awareness campaign on the characteristics of patients attending an ED. Methods: A study using Emergency Department Information System data was conducted in an adult metropolitan tertiary-referral teaching hospital in Brisbane. The three outcomes measured in the 3 month post-campaign period were arrival mode, Australasian Triage Scale and departure status. These measures reflect ambulance usage, clinical urgency and illness severity, respectively. They were compared with those in the 3 month pre-campaign period. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to investigate the impacts of the campaign on each of the three outcome measures after controlling for age, sex, day and time of arrival, and daily minimum temperature. Results: There were 17 920 visits in the pre- and 17 793 visits in the post-campaign period. After the campaign, fewer patients arrived at the ED by road ambulance (odds ratio [OR] 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.80���1.00), although the impact of the campaign on the arrival mode was only close to statistical significance (Wald ��2-test, P= 0.055); and patients were significantly less likely to have higher clinical urgency (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79���0.94), while more likely to be admitted (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.38���2.05) or complete treatment in the ED (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.23���1.73) instead of leaving without waiting to be seen. Conclusions: The campaign had no significant impact on the arrival mode of the patients. After the campaign, the illness acuity of the patients decreased, whereas the illness severity of the patients increased.

Ruptures in the production of girlhood : teenage flows and multiplicities [Abstract]

This paper examines the paradoxical and ubiquitous nature of Butler���s heterosexual matrix, and opens it up to an alternative Deleuzian analysis. Drawing on stories and art works produced in a collective biography workshop on girls and sexuality this paper extends previous work on the subversion of the heterosexual matrix undertaken by Renold and Ringrose (2008). The paper moves, as they do, from a molar to a molecular analysis, but extends that work by re-thinking the girl/subject in terms of Deleuze and Guattari���s endlessly transforming multiplicities where ���the self is only a threshold, a door, a becoming between two multiplicities��� (Deleuze and Guattari, 1987: 249)

The Cyndi Lauper affect : bodies, girlhood and popular culture [Abstract]

Using a collective biography method informed by a Deleuzian theoretical approach (Davies & Gannon, 2009), this paper analyses embodied memories of girlhood becomings through affective engagements with resonating images in media and popular culture. In this approach to analysis we move beyond an impasse in some feminist cultural studies where studies of popular culture have been understood through theories of representation and reception that retain a sense of discrete subjectivity and linear effects. In these approaches, analysis focuses respectively on decoding and deciphering images in terms of their normative and ideological baggage, and, particularly with moving images, on psychological readings (Coleman, 2011; Driscoll, 2002). Understanding bodies and popular culture through Deleuzian notions of ���becoming��� and ���assemblage��� opens possibilities for feminist researchers to consider the ways in which bodies are not separate to images but rather, are known, felt, materialised and mobilised with/through images (Coleman, 2008, 2009, 2011). We tease out the implications of this new approach to media affects through two memories of girls��� engagements with media images, reconceived as moments of embodied being within affective flows of popular culture that might momentarily extend upon the ways of being and doing girlhood.