Partial melt processing and electrical properties of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-o superconducting thick films on (100) MgO substrates

Superconducting thick films of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy (Bi-2212) on single-crystalline (100) MgO substrates have been prepared using a doctor-blade technique and a partial-melt process. It is found that the phase composition and the amount of Ag addition to the paste affect the structure and superconducting properties of the partially melted thick films. The optimum heat treatment schedule for obtaining high Jc has been determined for each paste. The heat treatment ensures attainment of high purity for the crystalline Bi-2212 phase and high orientation of Bi-2212 crystals, in which the c-axis is perpendicular to the substrate. The highest Tc, obtained by resistivity measurement, is 92.2 K. The best value for Jct (transport) of these thick films, measured at 77 K in self-field, is 8 × 10 3 Acm -2.

The effect of Yb addition in bi2sr2ca 1-xybxcu2oy partial melted thick films

To study the phase relations in the Bi-2212 and Yb2O3 system, Bi2Sr2Ca1-xYbxCu 2Oy thick films are prepared by partial melt processing via an intermediate reaction between Bi-2212 and Yb2O3. When Bi-2212 and Yb2O3 are partially melted and then slowly cooled, solid solutions of Bi2Sr2Ca 1-xYbxCu2Oy, form by reactions between liquid and solid phases which contain Yb. Following these reactions, Ca is partially replaced in Bi-2212 matrix and participates in the formation of secondary phases, such as Bi-free, (Ca, Sr)Ox and CaO. Variation of the Bi-2212-Yb2O3 ratios and processing parameters changes the balance between the phases and leads to different Yb:Ca ratios in the Bi-2212 matrix of processed thick films. When the partial melting process is optimized for each sample to minimize the growth of secondary phases, x = 0.42-0.46 for the samples prepared at pO2 = 0.01 atm, x = 0.24-0.29 for the samples prepared at pO2 = 0.21 atm, x = 0.18-0.23 for the samples prepared at pO2 = 0.99 atm are obtained regardless to the starting compositions. It is found that superconducting properties of Bi 2Sr2Ca1-xYbxCu2O y thick films strongly depend on the processing conditions, because the conditions result in different Yb content in the Bi-2212 matrix and the volume fraction of the secondary phases. The highest Tc(0) of 77, 90 and 91 K were obtained for the samples processed at 0.01, 0.21 and 0.99 atm of O2, respectively.

Re-melting of Bi-2212/Ag laminated tapes by partial melting process

Bi-2212 tapes are prepared by a combination of dip-coating and partial melt processing. We investigate the effect of re-melting of those tapes by partial melting followed by slow cooling on the structure and superconducting properties. Microstructural studies of re-melted samples show that they have the same overall composition as partially melted tapes. However, the fractional volumes of the secondary phases differ and the amounts and distribution of the secondary phases have a significant effect on the critical current. Critical current of Bi-2212/Ag tapes strongly depends on the maximum processing temperature. Initial J(c)'s of the tapes, which are partially melted, then slowly solidified at optimum conditions and finally post-annealed in an inert atmosphere, are up to 10.4 x 10(3) A/cm(2). It is found that the maximum processing temperature at initial partial melting has an influence on the optimum re-heat treatment conditions for the tapes. Re-melted tapes processed at optimum conditions recover superconducting properties after post-annealing in an inert atmosphere: the J(c) values of the tapes are about 80-110% of initial J(c)'s of those tapes.

Bi-2212/Ag laminated tapes: Bending and joining effects

Superconducting composite Bi-2212/Ag tapes and their joints are fabricated by a combination of dip-coating and partial melt processing. The heat treated tapes have a critical current (Ic) between 8 and 26A, depending on tape thickness and the number of Bi-2212 layers. Current transmissions between 80% and 100% have been achieved through the joints of tapes. Different types of HTS joints of Bi-2212/Ag laminated tapes are made and their transport properties during winding operations are investigated. Irreversible strain values (ε irrev) for laminated tapes and their joints are determined and it is found that the degradation of Ic during tape bending depends on the type of joint.

Superconducting joints of Bi-2212/Ag tapes and laminates

Different types of HTS joints of Bi-2212/Ag tapes and laminates, which are fabricated by dip-coating and partial-melt processes, have been investigated. All joints are prepared using green single and laminated tapes and according to the scheme: coating-joining-processing. The heat treated tapes have critical current (Ic) between 7 and 27 A, depending on tape thickness and the number of Bi-2212 ceramic layers in laminated tapes. It is found that the current transport properties of joints depend on the type of laminate, joint configuration and joint treatment, Ic losses in joints of Bi-2212 tapes and laminates are attributed to defects in their structure, such as pores, secondary phases and misalignment of Bi-2212 grains near the Ag edges. By optimizing joint configuration, current transmission up to 100% is achieved for both single tapes and laminated tapes.

Bi-2212/Ag tapes and laminates : effects of bending

Superconducting Bi-2212 tapes and laminates are fabricated by a combination of dip-coating and partial melt processing. The heat treated tapes have critical current densities (Jc) up to 11 kAcm -2. We investigate the degradation of critical current (Ic) during bending experiments for both single tapes and tapes with laminate structure. Although degradation of Ic is observed in both forms, the characteristics of the degradation differ. It is determined that laminated tapes perform better than single tapes when critical current is measured against bending radius, and laminated tapes tolerate a higher strain for a given reduction in critical current. It is found that increasing the number of Bi-2212 layers increases the total Ic of the laminated tape, but degradation of critical current is more pronounced during bending because of the increased total thickness of the laminate structure. It is also found that addition of silver to the Bi-2212 layers reduces critical current degradation during bending for both tapes and laminates.

Microstructural studies of quenched partially-melted Y-123 materials and Y-123 with Y-211, PtO2 and CeO2 additions

The microstructure of YBa2Cu3O7-delta (Y-123) materials partially-melted in air and quenched from the temperature range 900-1100 degrees C, has been characterized using a combination of X-ray diffractometry, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analyses, transmission electron microscopy and energy and wave dispersive X-ray spectrometries. The microstructural studies reveal significant changes in the character of the quenched partial-melt as a function of temperature and time before quenching. BaCu2O2 and BaCuO2 are found to co-exist in stoichiometric samples quenched from the temperature range 920-960 degrees C. Under suitable cooling conditions, large pockets of melt cristallize as BaCuO2 with an exsolution of BaCu2O2 in the form of thin plates (approximate to 50-100 nm thick) along facets. Y2BaCuO5 (Y-211) additions are associated with the formation of BaCu2O2 at 1100 degrees C. Preliminary results on the effects of PtO2 and CeO2 additions to Y-123 (and Y-123 with Y-211 additions) show that these enhace the formation of BaCu2O2 at the melting temperature of 1100 degrees C. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

Comments on the phase diagrams and crystallisation paths of Y-Ba-Cu-O materials

Our micro structural characterisation of Y-Ba-Cu-O quenched partial melts shows that the BaCuO2 (BC1) phase is crystalline at temperatures as high as 1100°C, and that the partial melt self-establishes a micro structural gradient from the surface towards the interior of the samples, which can be associated with a gradient in an equivalent partial pressure of O2 (pO2). The extension of the Y2BaCuO5-YBa2Cu3O7-x (Y211-Y123) tie-line intersects the primary crystallisation field of BC1 first. The actual peritectic reaction that takes place is Y2BaCuO5(s) + BaCuO2(s) + 2BaCu2O2(L) + 1/2O2 → 2YBa2Cu3O6(s). Two schematic representations which allow an analysis of the pO2 dependence are given. The gradient in micro structure self-established by the sample acts as a driving force for texturing. With this new perspective gained about the actual peritectic reaction and mechanisms of melt-texturing of Y123, it is possible to explain most of the aspects about partial melt-texturing. In addition, it seems possible to devise heat treatments that may allow for the production of well-oriented single domains with very large diameters. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V.

Observation of exsolution textures within Ba-Cu-O-rich solidified melts of Y-Ba-Cu-O materials and their relationship to Y123 nucleation and texturing

Layers (about 60-100 μm thick) of almost pure BaCuO2 (BC1), as determined using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), coat the surfaces of YBa2Cu3O7-x (Y123) samples partial melt processed using a single-zone vertical furnace. The actual Cu/Ba ratio of the BC1 phase is 1.2-1.3 as determined using energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). The nominally BC1 phase displays an exsolution of BC1.5 or BC2 in the form of thin plates (about 50-100 nm thick) along {100}-type cleavage planes or facets. The exsolved phase also fills cracks within the BC1 layer that require it to be in a molten state at some stage of processing. The samples were influenced by Pt contamination from the supporting wire, which may have stabilised the BC1.5 phase. Many of the Y123 grains have the same morphology as the exsolution domains, and run nearly parallel to the thin plates of the exsolved phases, strongly indicating that Y123 nucleation took place at the interface between the BC1 and the BC1.5 or BC2 exsolved phases. The network of nearly parallel exsolved 'channels' provides a matrix and a mechanism through which a high degree of local texture can be initiated in the material.

Effects of PtO2 and CeO2 additives on the microstructures of the quenched melts of Y-Ba-Cu-O materials

The microstructures of the quenched melts of samples of Y123 and Y123+15-20 mol% Y211 with PtO2 and CeO2 additives have been examined with optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS) and X-ray Diffractometry (XRD). Significantly higher temperatures are required for the formation of dendritic or lamellar eutectic patterns throughout the samples with PtO2 and CeO2 additives as compared to samples without additives. The BaCuO2 (BCl) phase appears first in solid form and, instead of rapidly melting, is slowly dissolving or decomposing in the oxygen depleted melt. PtO2 and CeO2 additives slow down or shift to higher temperatures the dissolution or decomposition process of BCl. A larger fraction of BCl in solid form explains why samples with additives have higher viscosities and hence lower diffusivities than samples without additives. There is also a reduction in the Y solubility to about half the value in samples without additives. The mechanism that limits the Ostwald ripening of the Y211 particles is correlated to the morphology of the quenched partial melt. It is diffusion controlled for a finely mixed morphology and interface-controlled when the melt quenches into dendritic or lamellar eutectic patterns. The change in the morphology of the Y211 particles from blocky to acicular is related to an equivalent undercooling of the Y-Ba-Cu-O partial melt, particularly through the crystallization of BCl.

Variation in parental magmas of Mt Rouse, a complex polymagmatic monogenetic volcano in the basaltic intraplate Newer Volcanics Province, southeast Australia

Monogenetic volcanoes have long been regarded as simple in nature, involving single magma batches and uncomplicated evolutions; however, recent detailed research into individual centres is challenging that assumption. Mt Rouse (Kolor) is the volumetrically largest volcano in the monogenetic Newer Volcanics Province of southeast Australia. This study presents new major, trace and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data for samples selected on the basis of a detailed stratigraphic framework analysis of the volcanic products from Mt Rouse. The volcano is the product of three magma batches geochemically similar to Ocean–Island basalts, featuring increasing LREE enrichment with each magma batch (batches A, B and C) but no evidence of crustal contamination; the Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes define two groupings. Modelling suggests that the magmas were sourced from a zone of partial melting crossing the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary, with batch A forming a large volume partial melt in the deep lithosphere (1.7 GPa/55.5 km); and batches B and C from similar areas within the shallow asthenosphere (1.88 GPa/61 km and 1.94 GPa/63 km, respectively). The formation and extraction of these magmas may have been due to high deformation rates in the mantle caused by edge-driven convection and asthenospheric upwelling. The lithosphere– asthenosphere boundary is important with respect to NVP volcanism. An eruption chronology involves sequential eruption of magma batches A, C and B, followed by simultaneous eruption of batches A and B. Mt Rouse is a complex polymagmatic monogenetic volcano that illustrates the complexity of monogenetic volcanism and demonstrates the importance of combining detailed stratigraphic analysis alongside systematic geochemical sampling.

Decompression melting driving intraplate volcanism in Australia: Evidence from magnetotelluric sounding

A long-period magnetotelluric (MT) survey, with 39 sites covering an area of 270 by 150 km, has identified melt within the thinned lithosphere of Pleistocene-Holocene Newer Volcanics Province (NVP) in southeast Australia, which has been variously attributed to mantle plume activity or edge-driven mantle convection. Two-dimensional inversions from the MT array imaged a low-resistivity anomaly (10-30Ωm) beneath the NVP at ∼40-80 km depth, which is consistent with the presence of ∼1.5-4% partial melt in the lithosphere, but inconsistent with elevated iron content, metasomatism products or a hot spot. The conductive zone is located within thin juvenile oceanic mantle lithosphere, which was accreted onto thicker Proterozoic continental mantle lithosphere. We propose that the NVP owes its origin to decompression melting within the asthenosphere, promoted by lithospheric thickness variations in conjunction with rapid shear, where asthenospheric material is drawn by shear flow at a "step" at the base of the lithosphere.

Effect of inaccuracies in anthropometric data and linked-segment inverse dynamic modeling on kinetics of gait in persons with partial foot amputation

The accuracy of data derived from linked-segment models depends on how well the system has been represented. Previous investigations describing the gait of persons with partial foot amputation did not account for the unique anthropometry of the residuum or the inclusion of a prosthesis and footwear in the model and, as such, are likely to have underestimated the magnitude of the peak joint moments and powers. This investigation determined the effect of inaccuracies in the anthropometric input data on the kinetics of gait. Toward this end, a geometric model was developed and validated to estimate body segment parameters of various intact and partial feet. These data were then incorporated into customized linked-segment models, and the kinetic data were compared with that obtained from conventional models. Results indicate that accurate modeling increased the magnitude of the peak hip and knee joint moments and powers during terminal swing. Conventional inverse dynamic models are sufficiently accurate for research questions relating to stance phase. More accurate models that account for the anthropometry of the residuum, prosthesis, and footwear better reflect the work of the hip extensors and knee flexors to decelerate the limb during terminal swing phase.

Social adaptation of children with mild intellectual disability : effects of partial integration within primary school classes

Examined the social adaptation of 32 children in grades 3–6 with mild intellectual disability: 13 Ss were partially integrated into regular primary school classes and 19 Ss were full-time in separate classes. Sociometric status was assessed using best friend and play rating measures. Consistent with previous research, children with intellectual disability were less socially accepted than were a matched group of 32 children with no learning disabilities. Children in partially integrated classes received more play nominations than those in separate classes, but had no greater acceptance as a best friend. On teachers' reports, disabled children had higher levels of inappropriate social behaviours, but there was no significant difference in appropriate behaviours. Self-assessments by integrated children were more negative than those by children in separate classes, and their peer-relationship satisfaction was lower. Ratings by disabled children of their satisfaction with peer relationships were associated with ratings of appropriate social skills by themselves and their teachers, and with self-ratings of negative behaviour. The study confirmed that partial integration can have negative consequences for children with an intellectual disability.