1 resultado para Economy of means
em Nottingham eTheses
Filtro por publicador
- Repository Napier (1)
- Aberystwyth University Repository - Reino Unido (1)
- Academic Archive On-line (Stockholm University; Sweden) (1)
- Academic Research Repository at Institute of Developing Economies (7)
- Acceda, el repositorio institucional de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. España (1)
- Adam Mickiewicz University Repository (1)
- AMS Tesi di Dottorato - Alm@DL - Università di Bologna (3)
- Andina Digital - Repositorio UASB-Digital - Universidade Andina Simón Bolívar (5)
- Applied Math and Science Education Repository - Washington - USA (1)
- Aquatic Commons (26)
- ArchiMeD - Elektronische Publikationen der Universität Mainz - Alemanha (3)
- Archive of European Integration (16)
- Archivo Digital para la Docencia y la Investigación - Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad del País Vasco (5)
- Aston University Research Archive (9)
- Biblioteca Digital da Produção Intelectual da Universidade de São Paulo (3)
- Biblioteca Digital da Produção Intelectual da Universidade de São Paulo (BDPI/USP) (2)
- Biblioteca Digital de la Universidad Católica Argentina (3)
- Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações Eletrônicas da UERJ (10)
- BORIS: Bern Open Repository and Information System - Berna - Suiça (16)
- Brock University, Canada (6)
- Bulgarian Digital Mathematics Library at IMI-BAS (2)
- CaltechTHESIS (1)
- Cambridge University Engineering Department Publications Database (1)
- CentAUR: Central Archive University of Reading - UK (26)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal (3)
- Cochin University of Science & Technology (CUSAT), India (11)
- Coffee Science - Universidade Federal de Lavras (1)
- Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe (CEPAL) (39)
- CORA - Cork Open Research Archive - University College Cork - Ireland (2)
- Corvinus Research Archive - The institutional repository for the Corvinus University of Budapest (10)
- Dalarna University College Electronic Archive (2)
- Deakin Research Online - Australia (65)
- DI-fusion - The institutional repository of Université Libre de Bruxelles (1)
- Digital Commons - Michigan Tech (2)
- Digital Commons @ Center for the Blue Economy - Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey (2)
- Digital Commons at Florida International University (24)
- Digital Peer Publishing (1)
- DigitalCommons - The University of Maine Research (1)
- DigitalCommons@The Texas Medical Center (2)
- Doria (National Library of Finland DSpace Services) - National Library of Finland, Finland (1)
- DRUM (Digital Repository at the University of Maryland) (2)
- Duke University (4)
- eResearch Archive - Queensland Department of Agriculture; Fisheries and Forestry (3)
- FUNDAJ - Fundação Joaquim Nabuco (1)
- Gallica, Bibliotheque Numerique - Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library) (BnF), France (1)
- Greenwich Academic Literature Archive - UK (1)
- Helda - Digital Repository of University of Helsinki (13)
- Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship Repository (1)
- Indian Institute of Science - Bangalore - Índia (2)
- Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal (2)
- Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada - Lisboa (2)
- Memorial University Research Repository (1)
- National Center for Biotechnology Information - NCBI (1)
- Nottingham eTheses (1)
- Plymouth Marine Science Electronic Archive (PlyMSEA) (1)
- Portal de Revistas Científicas Complutenses - Espanha (16)
- Publishing Network for Geoscientific & Environmental Data (1)
- QSpace: Queen's University - Canada (6)
- QUB Research Portal - Research Directory and Institutional Repository for Queen's University Belfast (49)
- Queensland University of Technology - ePrints Archive (64)
- RCAAP - Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (1)
- RDBU - Repositório Digital da Biblioteca da Unisinos (10)
- ReCiL - Repositório Científico Lusófona - Grupo Lusófona, Portugal (6)
- Repositório Científico da Universidade de Évora - Portugal (4)
- Repositório Científico do Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa - Portugal (6)
- Repositório Científico do Instituto Politécnico de Santarém - Portugal (1)
- Repositório digital da Fundação Getúlio Vargas - FGV (29)
- Repositorio Institucional da UFLA (RIUFLA) (1)
- Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Aveiro - Portugal (4)
- Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Brasília (1)
- Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga (1)
- Repositório Institucional UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (134)
- Research Open Access Repository of the University of East London. (2)
- Royal College of Art Research Repository - Uninet Kingdom (2)
- RUN (Repositório da Universidade Nova de Lisboa) - FCT (Faculdade de Cienecias e Technologia), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Portugal (4)
- SAPIENTIA - Universidade do Algarve - Portugal (1)
- Universidad del Rosario, Colombia (48)
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (11)
- Universidade Complutense de Madrid (1)
- Universidade dos Açores - Portugal (1)
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (1)
- Universidade Federal do Pará (28)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) (25)
- Universitat de Girona, Spain (1)
- Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, Universität Kassel, Germany (2)
- Université de Lausanne, Switzerland (1)
- Université de Montréal, Canada (45)
- University of Connecticut - USA (2)
- University of Michigan (47)
- University of Queensland eSpace - Australia (9)
- University of Southampton, United Kingdom (1)
- University of Washington (3)
- WestminsterResearch - UK (4)
Resumo:
Background Many acute stroke trials have given neutral results. Sub-optimal statistical analyses may be failing to detect efficacy. Methods which take account of the ordinal nature of functional outcome data are more efficient. We compare sample size calculations for dichotomous and ordinal outcomes for use in stroke trials. Methods Data from stroke trials studying the effects of interventions known to positively or negatively alter functional outcome – Rankin Scale and Barthel Index – were assessed. Sample size was calculated using comparisons of proportions, means, medians (according to Payne), and ordinal data (according to Whitehead). The sample sizes gained from each method were compared using Friedman 2 way ANOVA. Results Fifty-five comparisons (54 173 patients) of active vs. control treatment were assessed. Estimated sample sizes differed significantly depending on the method of calculation (Po00001). The ordering of the methods showed that the ordinal method of Whitehead and comparison of means produced significantly lower sample sizes than the other methods. The ordinal data method on average reduced sample size by 28% (inter-quartile range 14–53%) compared with the comparison of proportions; however, a 22% increase in sample size was seen with the ordinal method for trials assessing thrombolysis. The comparison of medians method of Payne gave the largest sample sizes. Conclusions Choosing an ordinal rather than binary method of analysis allows most trials to be, on average, smaller by approximately 28% for a given statistical power. Smaller trial sample sizes may help by reducing time to completion, complexity, and financial expense. However, ordinal methods may not be optimal for interventions which both improve functional outcome